JEWISH KING JESUS IS COMING AT THE RAPTURE FOR US IN THE CLOUDS-DON'T MISS IT FOR THE WORLD.THE BIBLE TAKEN LITERALLY- WHEN THE PLAIN SENSE MAKES GOOD SENSE-SEEK NO OTHER SENSE-LEST YOU END UP IN NONSENSE.GET SAVED NOW- CALL ON JESUS TODAY.THE ONLY SAVIOR OF THE WHOLE EARTH - NO OTHER. 1 COR 15:23-JESUS THE FIRST FRUITS-CHRISTIANS RAPTURED TO JESUS-FIRST FRUITS OF THE SPIRIT-23 But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ’s at his coming.ROMANS 8:23 And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body.(THE PRE-TRIB RAPTURE)
BREAKING NEWS-7:58PM-THE SHOOTER HAS BEEN ARRESTED AFTER BEING CAUGHT IN ILLINOIS.
UPDATE AT 7:11PM - THE TERRORIST FREAKAZOID ZOMIE LIBERAL SHOOTERS NAME IS ROBERT CRIMO (3). HE LOOKS LIKE A DEMON POSSESSED ALIEN. THIS GUY WILL BLEND IN WITH THE DEMONS REAL GOOD IN HELL. A GIGANTIC HEAD NO NECK. HIS EYES ARE FAR APART. AN ARABS EYE BROWS AND HITLERS MOUTH.
A TERRORIST SHOOTER WAS SHOOTING FROM A ROOF AT CHICAGO ILLINOIS PARADE WATCHERS.KILLING 6 AND INJURING 31 IN THIS TERRORIST ATTACK. IT WAS A WHITE MALE 18-20 YEARS OF AGE-WITH A WHITE OR BLUE SHIRT-LONGER BLACK HAIR-YELLOW BACK PACK-SLIM BUILD. ON THE LOOSE STILL. 200 POLICE LOOKING FOR HIM.AT LEAST 50 SHOTS WERE FIRED A WITNESS SAID.POLICE FOUND A GUN AT THE SCENE. A WITNESS ZOEY SAID IT DEFINATELY SOUNDED LIKE AS SINGLE SHOOTER WITH A MACHINE GUN NOT A NORMAL GUN.AND SHE SEEN ONE MAN DEAD FROM GUN WOUNDS.
• In selecting what to attack, where, when and how, IS shows its capacity to strike at will, at any time and at almost any chosen target;
• IS is not the only religiously inspired terrorist organisation threatening Western countries. Al-Qaeda is still a factor to be considered and a reason for the EU to focus on a broader range of religiously inspired groups
. Terrorist cells ready to perpetrate a terrorist attack are largely domestic and/or locally based. Members could have been trained in Syria, as was the case in the November Paris attacks, but that is not imperative.
Conclusions-The discussions led to the conclusion that IS is preparing more terrorist attacks, including more ‘Mumbai style’ attacks, to be executed in Member States of the EU, and in France in particular. The attacks will be primarily directed at soft targets, because of the impact it generates
The Independent-Six victims dead and 24 hospitalised in mass shooting at July 4 parade in Illinois with gunman still at large-Rachel Sharp-Mon, July 4, 2022 at 1:59 PM
Six people have been killed and another 24 hospitalised in a mass shooting at a July 4 parade in Illinois with a manhunt now under way for the gunman who allegedly opened fire from a roof above the festivities.Gunfire erupted at the Highland Park Fourth of July parade in downtown Highland Park around 10 minutes after the Independence Day celebrations kicked off at 10am on Monday morning, reported The Chicago Sun-Times.Witnesses told WGN9 that the suspect was positioned on top of the roof of an Uncle Dan’s retail store when they began firing into the parade below.As of 12.30pm local time – more than two hours after the mass shooting unfolded – the incident remained “active” and the gunman was still at large.City officials said in a press release that police were responding to the active shooting and urged members of the public to shelter in place.Multiple law enforcement agencies are searching for the suspect and have secured a perimeter around downtown Highland Park.Evidence of a firearm has also been recovered from the area, the city said.In total, 16 people were rushed to hospital with five victims so far confirmed dead.One person was covered by a blanket on the ground while at least five others were seen bloodied, reported The Chicago Sun-Times.Rep Brad Schneider, who represents the area of Highland Park, said that he had heard there was “loss of life”.The Democratic congressman tweeted that the shooting unfolded as he and his team were gathered at the start of the parade but confirmed that they were all unharmed. There are reportedly multiple fatalities following a shooting at an Independence Day parade in Highland Park, Illinois.Warning: Gunshots heard in below video.pic.twitter.com/F0BrsEXIS8 — Alex Salvi (@alexsalvinews) July 4, 2022“Today a shooter struck in Highland Park during the Independence Day parade. My campaign team and I were gathering at the start of the parade when the shooting started. My team and I are safe and secure. We are monitoring the situation closely and in touch with the Mayor,” he said.“Hearing of loss of life and others injured. My condolences to the family and loved ones; my prayers for the injured and for my community; and my commitment to do everything I can to make our children, our towns, our nation safer. Enough is enough!”State Rep Bob Morgan also tweeted about the shooting, confirming “multiple” injuries.“For those unaware, there was a shooting at the Highland Park Parade. I am ok but there have been multiple injuries.” he tweeted.“Please stay out of the area, stay safe, and please pray for those injured.”Footage posted on social media shows revellers and parade participants suddenly fleeing in panic as gunfire erupted in the streets.In the TikTok video, which has been widely shared, families are seen sitting on the kerb of the sidewalk watching a marching band walk past.Suddenly a voice starts yelling “gunshots” and the parade watchers start to leap up from the ground.The marching band members break into a run and sprint off in the direction of the parade route.Screams are heard in the background and people flee from the area as local residents who had come to enjoy the family-friendly Independence Day celebrations were forced to seek shelter. For those unaware, there was a shooting at the Highland Park Parade. I am ok but there have been multiple injuries. Please stay out of the area, stay safe, and please pray for those injured. — Bob Morgan (@RepBobMorgan) July 4, 2022-One local resident told the Associated Press that she was riding a parade float when she saw people running away from the area.“People started saying ‘There’s a shooter, there’s a shooter, there a shooter,’” said Debbie Glickman.“So we just ran. We just ran. It’s like mass chaos down there.”Multiple law enforcement agencies are on the scene including Illinois State Police, Highland Park Police and Lake County Sheriff’s Office.Illinois State Police tweeted at around 11.20am local time: “The Illinois State Police is currently assisting Highland Park PD with an active shoot situation that occurred at the Highland Park Parade. The Illinois State Police is currently assisting Highland Park PD with an active shoot situation that occurred at the Highland Park Parade. The public is advised to avoid the area of Central Ave and 2nd St. in Highland Park. — IllinoisStatePolice (@ILStatePolice) July 4, 2022“The public is advised to avoid the area of Central Ave and 2nd St. in Highland Park.”Lake County Sheriff’s Office tweeted that it was al;so assisting Highland Park Police with a shooting along the parade route.“We are assisting Highland Park Police with a shooting in the area of the Independence Day parade route. STAY OUT OF THE AREA - allow law-enforcement and first responders to do their work,” the department said.Highland Park is around 25 miles north of Chicago.The shooting marks the latest gun violence to tear apart a community in the US, coming just weeks after 21 students and teachers were killed in a mass shooting in Uvalde, Texas, and 10 Black people were killed in a mass shooting in Buffalo, New York.
Chicago shooting: 3 wounded in Lakeview East after gunfire erupts on crowded Clark Street-By Stephanie Wade-Monday, June 27, 2022
CHICAGO (WLS) -- Two men and a woman were wounded in Lakeview East early Monday morning, Chicago police said.The shooting occurred at about 1:30 a.m. in the 3100-block of North Clark Street, police said.Video shows a large crowd was on the street when someone began shooting. The victims were all outside but not standing together, police said.A 46-year-old woman was shot in the abdomen and transported to Illinois Masonic Medical Center in critical condition, police said.25 shot, 5 fatally, in Chicago weekend violence-A 30-year-old man was shot in the knee and transported to Illinois Masonic Medical Center in good condition.3 stabbed in fight in Lakeview East, Chicago police say-A 37-year-old man was shot in the leg and was transported to Northwestern Memorial Hospital in good condition.Many people were still out celebrating at the time of the shooting after the Pride Parade Sunday.Alderman Tom Tunney requested extra police patrols over concerns of high turnout for the Pride Parade's return."It's sad, but you know the reality is when you have this type of crowd and this many people and people that have been drinking and carrying on so to speak, there's a lot of vulnerability and there's a lot of police officers who need to be out here," Alderman Tunney said. "And that's what I have been asking for and the mayor agreed, as did the superintendent and so I'm thankful and the community is thankful."A gun was recovered from the scene.Area Three detectives are investigating the shooting. No one is in custody.
Escaping Atonement in Sunni Islam-Death by Jihad for Deliverance-Christine Sixta Rinehart, PhD-15 June 2021
https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2021.03
Abstract: In the Islamic hadith corpus and Quran, the way to atone for sins is called tawba (or tawbah), which requires one to complete a series of steps to receive forgiveness from Allah (God). Jihadist terrorist organizations use primarily Quranic scripture to recruit and employ suicide bombers who may have a guilty conscience for their past sins. It is said that martyrdom, or istishadi, will automatically save Muslims from hell and grant access to paradise no matter the sin committed. One of the understudied reasons for istishadi suicide bombings in jihadist groups is the concept of atonement. This article answers the following research questions: What role does guilt in Islam play in the motivations for male and female Sunni jihadist suicide bombers, and why is tawba not utilized? The Quran and hadith corpus are major Muslim religious texts and sources of Islamic jurisprudence. The Quran is the principal text of Islam and is believed to contain direct revelations from Allah (God). The hadith corpus are a series of stories and traditions about the Prophet Muhammad. They are a primary source of Islamic law and are second only to the Quran. They took several hundred years to be written down and compiled. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "The development of Hadith is a vital element during the first few centuries of Islamic history, and its study provides a broad index to the mind and ethos of Islam."1 There are six major hadith that are accepted by Sunni Muslims. The most well-known are those compiled by Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari (810-70 CE) and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (817-75 CE), both of which share the title al-Sahih (The Authentic).2 Unless otherwise noted, the al-Bukhari version is used in this article; it is highly respected by Sunni Muslims because the author was cautious in his compilation, making sure that the stories were authentic. In the hadith corpus and Quran, the way to atone for sins is called tawba (or tawbah), which requires one to complete a series of complex steps to receive forgiveness from Allah. However, one can circumvent tawba and its requirements by giving their life in religious holy war, or jihad.3 In the hadith corpus, Muhammad the Prophet said:The person who participates in (Holy battles) in Allah's cause . . . and nothing compels him to do so except belief in Allah and His Apostles, will be recompensed by Allah either with a reward, or booty (if he survives) or will be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in the battle as a martyr). Had I not found it difficult for my followers, then I would not remain behind any sariya going for Jihad . . . and I would have loved to be martyred in Allah's cause and then made alive, and then martyred and then made alive, and then again martyred in His cause.4 Concerning atonement, the Quran states, "Except those who repent and make amends and openly declare (the Truth): To them, I turn; for I am Oft-returning, Most Merciful."5 The Quran also states, "O ye who believe! Turn to Allah with sincere repentance: In the hope that your Lord will remove from you your ills and admit you to Gardens beneath which Rivers flow."6 Although quotes such as these are plentiful in the hadith corpus and Quran, these simple statements further support the argument presented here. Clemency from Allah needs to be earned in Islam, literally through the process of tawba, as will be discussed later in the article. However, only Allah can decide what is forgiven. Concerning the unpredictability of Allah, the Quran states, "Surely Allah does not forgive that anything should be associated with Him, and He forgives what is besides this to whom He pleases; and whoever associates anything with Allah, he indeed strays off into a remote error."7 Paradise through istishadi circumvents the requirements of tawba, which involves six steps to fully atone for sins. Certain sins may even be unforgivable, depending on the Islamic scholar's interpretation.The scholarship regarding motivations for suicide bombings has been remiss in considering the concept of guilt in suicide terrorism. Young male and female jihadist suicide bombers often live a life of perceived extravagance and sinfulness before their istishadi. The concept of istishadi in the hadith corpus and Quran provides them with a guaranteed exit strategy for the actions that have plagued them. Transgressions such as drug use, alcohol use, promiscuity, infidelity, family shame, or other sins are not part of a conservative Muslim lifestyle. The concept of tawba might require too much labor for the potential suicide bomber, or the rewards and notoriety that accompany istishadi are much more alluring. The discrepancy between suicide and martyrdom must also be clear to the potential suicide bomber, as Islam forbids suicide. The prospective bomber must be comfortable with the concept that they are dying in battle as a martyr as opposed to committing suicide. However, it is the rewards of jihad that sanction the use of suicide or istishadi by jihadist suicide bombers. Recruiters use the Quran and hadith corpus to make this argument.8 This article seeks to answer the following research questions: What role does guilt in Islam play in the motivations for Sunni jihadist suicide bombers, and why is tawba not utilized? Terrorist leaders and recruiters typically focus on Quranic scriptures much more so than the hadith corpus as the Quran is easier to access, shorter, and less complex.9 This article will primarily concentrate on the role of the Quran in Sunni jihadist terrorism.The next section will examine jihad as the efficacious solution in the Quran and hadith corpus, while comparing different translations of the Quran. It will also discuss the acceptable reasons for jihad in Islam and how these criteria are facilitated by jihadist recruiters and leaders to influence a person to commit istishadi. The concept of tawba and why it cannot apply to jihadist suicide bombers will be examined in the third section. The fourth section will look at case studies of jihadist suicide terrorists and the use of istishadi as atonement of their sins. A discussion of these case studies will follow in the fifth section, and the article will end with a conclusion and recommendations for future research.Death for Deliverance through Jihad: The Quran and the Hadith Corpus-According to a report from The Program on Terrorism and Low Intensity Conflict at Tel Aviv University's Institute for National Security Studies, "In 2019, 149 suicide bombings were carried out in 24 countries by 236 suicide bombers, among them 22 women. In these suicide bombings, 1,850 people were killed and 3,660 were wounded." More than 80 percent of these suicide bombings were committed by Salafi-jihadist groups.10 The year 2016 had the highest number of suicide bombings on record.11 Currently, jihadist groups are the main perpetrators of suicide attacks worldwide. For some jihadists, the concept of guilt is a motivation for committing a suicide attack or achieving istishadi. This section will look at the Quran and hadith corpus and the roles they play in sanctioning istishadi for jihadists. Quotes concerning istishadi and jihad are plentiful throughout the Quran and hadith corpus.As a note on translation, this author has used three different translations of the Quran to write this article. Al-Qurían by Ahmed Ali was published by Princeton University Press in 1993 and portrays Islam as the least warlike of the Quranic translations. The second translation is The Holy Quran by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, a Saudi translation that was published in 1934. This translation portrays Islam as a warrior religion, although it has been banned in some schools in the United States due to its prejudiced statements against Jewish people. The most violent portrayal of Islam referenced in this article comes from The Qurían translated by Muhammad Habib Shakir, which was published in 1993 in Pakistan, although there is some controversy as to whether he did the translation or plagiarized it.12The Middle East Quarterly article "Assessing English Translations of the Qurían," by Khaleel Mohammed, explains the political and religious motivations behind each Quranic translation.13 These different translations of the Quran, which in some cases show significant disagreement, exemplify the problems of radicalism that plague Islam. The Ahmed Ali version rarely uses the words jihad or Allah, and even then, greater jihad is usually referred to. The concept of greater jihad is the personal struggle to live a good Muslim life, while the lesser jihad refers to war and violence.14 Terms like lord or god replace the Arabic Allah in the Ahmed Ali version. The Abdullah Yusuf Ali version contains the word jihad but uses it as a reference to fighting or striving, not as war against infidels, people of the book, or Jewish people. The most punitive version of the Quran discussed in this article, by Muhammad Habib Shakir, refers to 72 virgins in paradise and includes verbiage that jihadist terrorist groups frequently quote. This author has used this version to fully highlight the lengths to which recruiters will go to propagandize the religious text for their purposes.The following quotes appear in the hadith corpus and Quran. They have been chosen as they specifically concern the concepts of forgiveness, atonement, and jihad. The hadith corpus is a record of the words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Not all Muslims support the hadith corpus as a legitimate basis of law, but jihadists adhere to them. The Quran is the Islamic sacred holy book, believed to be the word of Allah as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel, written in Arabic. The hadith corpus state: "The Prophet said, 'The person who participates in (Holy battles) in Allah's cause . . . and nothing compels him to do so except belief in Allah and His Apostles, will be recompensed by Allah either with a reward, or booty (if he survives) or will be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in the battle as a martyr)'."15 Allah's Apostle said, "Allah guarantees him who strives in His Cause and whose motivation for going out is nothing but Jihad in His Cause and belief in His Word, that He will admit him into Paradise (if martyred) or bring him back to his dwelling place, whence he has come out, with what he gains of reward and booty."16- "He (the Messenger of Allah) did that and said: There is another act which elevates the position of a man in Paradise to a grade one hundred (higher), and the elevation between one grade and the other is equal to the height of the heaven from the earth. He (Abu Sa'id) said: What is that act? He replied: Jihad in the way of Allah! Jihad in the way of Allah!"17-The Quran states: "And if you are killed in the cause of Allah or you die, the forgiveness and mercy of Allah are better than all that you amass."18 "Surely those who believe and those who leave their homes and fight in the way of Allah, may hope for his benevolence for Allah is forgiving and kind."19"Do you think that you will get away before Allah knows who among you fought and did not take anyone but Allah, His Apostle and the faithful as their friends? Allah is cognizant of all that you do."20 "But (to) those who were victimized and left their homes and then fought and endured patiently, your Lord will surely be forgiving and kind."21"He who strives (jihad) does so for himself. Verily Allah is independent of the creatures of the world."22 "Those who fear Allah and follow the straight path will surely be in gardens and in bliss, Rejoicing at what their Lord has given them; and their Lord will preserve them from the torment of Hell. 'Eat and drink with relish,' (they will be told), (as recompense) for what you have done."23 "Reclining there on carpets lined with brocade, fruits of the garden hanging low within reach. How many favors of your Lord will then both of you deny? In them maidens with averted glances, undeflowered by man or by jinn before them."24 "If you give alms openly, it is well, and if you hide it and give it to the poor, it is better for you; and this will do away with some of your evil deeds; and Allah is aware of what you do."25"And keep up prayer in the two parts of the day and in the first hours of the night; surely good deeds take away evil deeds."26-It is clear in these passages that istishadi is sanctioned in both the Quran and the hadith corpus. Several of these passages imply that a life lived without the violence that jihad brings is disgraceful. The gifts that jihad brings without death are bountiful but are much more extravagant when the loss of one's life occurs:In the sight of Allah the martyr has six [unique] qualities: He [Allah] forgives him at the first opportunity, and shows him his place in paradise, he is saved from the torment of the grave, he is safe from the great fright [of the Resurrection], a crown of honor is placed upon his head--one ruby which is better than the world and all that is in it--he is married to 72 of the houris, and he gains the right to intercede for 70 of his relatives.27 In life, the most perfect aim is for istishadi through jihad, and the martyr will receive bountiful gifts in paradise. Men will receive 72 virgins in the hadith corpus.28 There is some debate on the meaning of the Quranic passages according to Islamic jurisprudence. Ahmed Ali's translated version does not even mention the 70 (the number may vary) virgins that are found in Shakir's translated version. In fact, English translations of the Quran vary greatly from author to author. Many female martyrs believe that they will become one of the beautiful dark-eyed virgins (houri), or that at least they will not have to share their husband with other wives. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "There are numerous references to the houri in the Quran describing them as 'purified wives' and 'spotless virgins'."29 Other scholars have stated that the Quran elevates dutiful and faithful wives above the houris.30 There is even debate as to whether houris are women. It is possible that these companions have no gender or come in both male and female form.31 If a wife comes to her husband as a virgin in paradise, she will allow him to have the purest sexual encounter.32 Food will be delicious and plentiful, and family will be able to spend time together recalling stories in their past lives. There will be green gardens with aromatic flowers and beautiful scenery. The description of paradise continues throughout the Quran. Jihad must also be clarified. There is the lesser or outer jihad, which is the violent jihad that is sanctified for three distinct reasons: when Muslims are attacked, when Muslim holy land is attacked, or when the religion of Islam is attacked. The greater or inner jihad is the struggle to live a pure life according to the Quran and the five pillars of Islam. The greater jihad far supersedes the lesser jihad in importance according to most moderate Muslims, although there is some debate on this by Islamic scholars.33 However, in jihadist terrorist organizations, there is a much larger emphasis on the lesser jihad than the greater jihad.In reference to suicide, the Quran forbids it, and Muslim society confirms this religious belief. In a study completed by David Lester at the Center for the Study of Suicide, the author found that completed suicide rates in Muslim countries were much lower than rates of completed suicide in other countries with differing majority religions.34 Rates of attempted suicide do, however, appear to be the same as in countries of other religions. Lester acknowledges that this may be due to underreporting as suicide is taboo or forbidden in Islam. A more recent study found "a negative relationship between suicide rates and adherents of Islam across several countries."35 From this research, one can conclude that committing suicide is forbidden in the Islamic religion. However, jihadists can use the concept of jihad that is documented in the Quran to justify martyrdom operations. It is apparent that jihadist Muslims do not view istishadi as suicide but believe that istishadi in pursuit of jihad is justifiable and holy. Therefore, jihadists use Islam and its scriptures to justify suicide bombings. What Happened to the Concept of Tawba? In an online magazine for Western Muslims, Muslim Matters, Ustadh Mukhtar Ba explains the meaning of tawba and the actions that must be pursued to accomplish it. Tawba must be completed for every sin, and if the sins occur repeatedly, tawba must be repeated each time they occur. The cure for sin is repentance. Im'm Ghaz'l' (1058-1111 CE) stated, "Just as you have taken returning to sins as a habit, then also take returning to tawba as a habit, because through tawba you expiate your past sins, and it is very possible that you may have the fortune to die while in a state of tawba."36 There are six elements to the concept of tawba.37 The first element is remorse, or feeling pain for having caused the sin. The repentant must "utter istighf'r [saying astaghfirull'h] with one's tongue, at the moment of tawba."38 If istighf'r is stated without conviction in the heart, the tawba cannot be accepted. The second element is the desire not to repeat the sin. The third element is to undertake religious duties. The fourth element is to apologize and ask for forgiveness to any person or people who were wronged. Property or rights must be returned as part of the fifth element. Last, the sixth element is to be obedient to Allah. It is a matter of debate as to whether Allah will accept the tawba and forgive the sin, according to differing opinions among the 'ulam'.39 The Quran states, "Surely Allah does not forgive that anything should be associated with Him, and He forgives what is besides this to whom He pleases; and whoever associates anything with Allah, he indeed strays off into a remote error."40 It can be argued that the concept of tawba does not apply to suicide bombers, or at least that suicide bombers do not want to apply the concept of tawba to themselves. There may be several reasons why tawba is not utilized. First, the suicide bomber may not be aware of tawba. Second, a recruiter or imam may make istishadi a better option. Third, the suicide bomber may sin repeatedly knowing that jihad will grant them access to paradise regardless. Fourth, it is said that Allah may not accept tawba. In the Quran and hadith corpus, the language clarifies that there is a much higher possibility of entrance into paradise through istishadi. Dying through jihad is portrayed as automatic entrance to paradise. The torture of the grave, or being eaten alive by worms in a tiny restricting space until the end of days, is not appealing for those who may not have been successful pursuing atonement through tawba.41 Another reason for istishadi through jihad as opposed to committing tawba is the shock-and-awe factor. There is a political goal behind every terrorist attack. Tawba does not quite get the message through like a suicide bombing that kills several people. The effectiveness of terrorism lies in its apparent random selection of targets and victims, as well as the fear and destruction it causes. Another reason is that the cult and romanticism of istishadi is much more appealing than simply apologizing and repenting for one's sins through tawba. Palestinians, in particular, venerate the cult of martyrdom, in which martyrs have parades in their honor and streets named after them. There are also the propaganda videos of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and al-Qaeda that show shirtless young Muslim men, usually Arabs, undergoing military training with hypnotic drums and music in the background. Children are taught to revere these martyrs and their deeds. Young women are taught to dream of the day that they lose their martyred husbands in death. The allure of death and beautiful virgin maidens for both men and women is intoxicating. In addition, in many Muslim cultures, the families of the martyrs are provided for the rest of their lives, receiving regular rewards and benefits from their communities.42 With all this glory and fame after death (that was probably never received in life), why would one pursue tawba? One final reason is that death in Islam is not something to mourn and differs completely from the Western concept of grief. In Islam, it is a sin to grieve a loved one who has gone to paradise.43 Muslims are supposed to be happy for those who have gone to paradise and to be rather envious of their new relationship with Allah. If someone wants to martyr themselves for a cause that is viewed as a just reason for jihad, how could tawba be more attractive? It is likely that people who pursue istishadi over tawba have not had the easiest lives and the promise of automatic entry into paradise is much more attractive than the return to the difficult lives they have been living. To put it bluntly, istishadi is the surest way to get to paradise.Clearly, tawba is neither the best nor most realistic option for many would-be martyrs. Perhaps this is where secondary and tertiary motivations come in for committing a suicide bombing. The previous paragraphs illustrate many possible reasons why tawba will not work for a prospective suicide bomber. The best way to understand sin as a motivation for istishadi is to interview unsuccessful suicide bombers directly after their failure, before the leadership of the terrorist organization gets to them in prison. Once terrorists are put in prison, they will typically tow the line of the terrorist group to the public.44 Stories will often change, and the group's propaganda line will be the response. However, access to these people is difficult to obtain, so this article will examine case studies concerning sin and istishadi for both men and women.Case Studies and the Use of Istishadi-The concept of martyring oneself to achieve forgiveness of sins and to obtain access to paradise is applicable to both male and female suicide bombers. The role of the recruiter cannot be underestimated in these circumstances. A Muslim man or woman, or any potential convert, is first located as a possible suicide bomber by a recruiter, and the recruiter then establishes a relationship with them. With time and trust, a relationship develops, and the person divulges their sins to the recruiter, perhaps with admission of guilt and shame. The recruiter may already be aware of the sins if the person is a target.45 Eventually, the recruiter talks the person into becoming a martyr to find forgiveness from Allah and entrance into paradise. This is not brainwashing, as some may state, as it is documented in the Quran that istishadi will lead to clemency and a place in paradise.46 While this concept of the recruiter's role in suicide terrorism needs more research, anecdotal stories are quite revealing.The following case studies are examples of suicide bombers who have led "sinful" lives according to Islam and have accomplished istishadi. Not every one of these cases has a documented statement where the person or someone close to them had stated that they martyred themselves because of their transgressions. Often, the person's family or close friends have used their transgressions to justify their sacrifices. In addition, this list of martyrs is not exhaustive, as the examples are numerous, but it is a relatively protracted list for the purposes of article length and comprehension. Men- Jamal Ahmidan (al-Qaeda) arrived in Spain as an illegal immigrant and married a drug addict to obtain legal status in the country. A drug dealer and user, he consumed heroin, cocaine, and alcohol even though he was Muslim. He had also served time in prison for murder and been in legal trouble on numerous occasions.47 He was a suicide bomber in the Madrid bombing of March 2004.48 Salaman Abedi was an ISIS suicide bomber in Manchester, England, in 2017. According to an Independent article, "The 22-year-old was remembered as a 'fun guy' who drank, took drugs and possibly had links with local gangs before appearing increasingly religious as his radicalization deepened."49 Women-The concept of female suicide bombers requires more background, as many Muslims view women participating in the lesser jihad as haram, or forbidden. The Quran has some relatively contradictory statements regarding female jihad, and this most likely causes the disparity in Islamic society. In the Quran, Muhammad and his wife Aishah discussed the concept of female jihad. Aishah stated, "Apostle! We consider Jihad as the best deed. 'Should we not fight in Allah's Cause?" He [Muhammad] said, "The best Jihad for women is the Hajj done as I have done it."50 Muhammad states his preference that women should not engage in jihad but instead pursue the holy pilgrimage to Mecca. However, Jihad is also an individual duty. When an enemy invades a Muslim country, all the inhabitants of that country should go out and fight the enemy. In this situation, it is unlawful for anyone to refrain from fighting. The Prophet states, "Allah says: 'O you who believe! Fight those unbelievers who are near to you and let them find you in hardness."51 Women pursuing jihad have repeatedly used this scriptural passage in the Quran to justify their pursuit of the lesser or outer jihad. They argue that men are not pursuing jihad as they should be. Therefore, it is the duty of Muslim women to pursue their own jihad. Most of these women who martyr themselves are not married, so they cannot become a faithful and pure wife for a husband who accomplishes Jannah, watching with love as he pursues sexual nirvana with the houri. Instead, the single female martyr hopes to become one of the houri or even the leader of the houri.Throughout Islamic history, Muslim women were not allowed to fight in war, which included performing acts of martyrdom.52 However, the strategic value of women has been observed in the last few decades, and female suicide bombers have been used frequently by jihadist terrorist groups, particularly in recent years. According to political scientist Mia Bloom, the first female suicide bomber was Dalal al-Maghribi. Dalal was a Palestinian who blew up a bus going to Tel Aviv, Israel, on 11 March 1978 in the Coastal Road Massacre. This attack was ordered by Fatah and was one of several in a terrorist spree of attacks.53 Sanaía Mehaidli was a lone suicide bomber who martyred herself on 9 April 1985 for the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.54 The first female suicide bomber in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is widely attributed as Palestinian Wafa Idris, who detonated herself on 27 January 2002 for Hamas.55 In the last two decades, female suicide bombers have been considered and adopted by jihadist terrorist groups. Sheik Ahmad Yassin, the spiritual founder of Hamas, was questioned by journalist Barbara Victor about female suicide bombers. Victor asked him, "How do you feel, Sheik Yassin, a man of God, when you hear that a young woman has strapped on an explosive belt and blown herself up in a market, killing dozens of Israeli men, women, and children?" Sheik Yassin responded, "It is a good sign. Once women were squeamish about seeing blood or committing acts of martyrdom. Now they are willing to die for the sake of our cause. For me, it is a good sign that women are beginning to take up the fight alongside our men."56 The following list offers examples of women who have martyred themselves for their sins.Ayat al Ahras was 18 when she carried out a suicide bombing for Fatah in Israel on 29 March 2002. She was pregnant and unmarried.57 Darine Abu Aisha carried out her suicide attack for Hamas after being publicly disgraced at an Israeli checkpoint. She was forced to kiss her cousin and refused to marry him.58 She was "aware that her refusal would bring disgrace to her family."59 In jihadist families, her chastity and therefore the honor of her family was destroyed.Hasna Aitboulahcen martyred herself in an attempt to kill police in Paris. She was known as an alcoholic and a Westernized Muslim who dyed her hair blonde, dressed in jeans, and wore cowboy hats. She began to wear a hijab around a month before she committed suicide. A friend stated, "She was really vulnerable and going through a bad time in her life, so they came at the right time and found the right person."60 As alcohol is forbidden for Muslims, this woman committed a grave sin in becoming an alcoholic. Luiza Asmayeba, a Chechen, was wounded in a shootout with Russian police on 24 June 2003 in Grozny. "Before her death, she told security authorities that she had been repeatedly raped and impregnated by Chechen mujahedin and saw istishadi as the only way to cleanse herself from that shame."61 In Muslim societies, women may be held responsible for their own rape. If they inspired fitnah, a sexual, uncontrollable frenzy, in men, the men are not responsible for their actions.62 Wafa Samir Ibrahim al-Biss was burned all over her body from a cooking fire. She had also been raped as a child. Her parents sent her to be a suicide bomber for the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade.63 Again, her rape was the sin that humiliated her family and destroyed their honor. In Islam, it is believed that a woman brings rape upon herself, as she has not guarded her virtue as well as she should have. Hiba Daraghmeh represented Palestinian Islamic jihad and martyred herself on 19 May 2003. She had been raped by her uncle and withdrew socially, donning a full hijab and befriending only women.64 Tawriya Hamamra volunteered for a suicide mission for the Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs BrigadeIsrael Defense Forces foiled her plans and arrested her in Tulkarm on the West Bank. Tawriya stated, "I didn't feel fear. I am not afraid of dying. I went for personal reasons. I was afraid of how Allah would look on me if I came for impure reasons."65 Wafa Idris was a barren, divorced Palestinian women who chose istishadi as a way to rectify the family embarrassment that she had caused. She was claimed by the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. Her sister-in-law stated that Idris was never the same after her husband divorced her, and that her divorce had made her a constant target of mocking. "Wafa knew she could never marry again because a divorced woman is tainted."66 Idris stated days before she died, "I have become a burden on my family. They tell me they love me and want me, but I know from their gestures and expressions that they wish I didn't exist."67 Faiza 'Amal Jumaía was a transsexual Palestinian. She was unable to live as a normal Muslim woman and have a family. She redressed her sins by becoming a shahida, which is a female martyr. She stated, "Who will want to marry someone like me? Have you forgotten that I am Ahmad?"68 Thouria Khamour was a tomboy who did not excel in school, and no one wanted to marry her. She belonged to the Tanzim sector of Fatah and was a failed suicide bomber.69 Shifa al-Qudsi was a failed suicide bomber who had a series of disastrous romantic affairs after her divorce and had murdered a random Israeli motorist.70 Reem Raiyshi committed adultery, and her husband urged her to carry out a suicide attacks for Hamas as a result. Her illicit lover recruited her and drove her to the site of the attack.71 Andalib Suleiman was impregnated outside of wedlock by a Fatah operative and martyred herself on 12 April 2002.72 Ahlam Tamini assisted in the Sbarro Pizza bombing in Jerusalem on 9 August 2001 for Hamas. She fell in love and had a child, which her brother's family took from her. Identified by the pseudonym Zina, she stated, "Everyone knew about me and my baby and they understood why I had been sent to live with my cousins." To become a martyr, Tamini had to prove herself to her lover and married father, Hassan. "He told me if the attack was a success, which means that more than twenty people were killed, he would finally consider me a valuable part of the organization. He told me that only then I could have the honor of dying in my own martyr operation."73 Zulikhan Yelikhadzhiyeva was kidnapped by her half-brother after she had disgraced her family honor by falling in love with her stepbrother, a mujaheed named Zhaga. They escaped together and had a sexual relationship, but Yelikhadzhiyeva was consumed by the fear of "falling into the hands of my relatives." If her sins were discovered, she could no longer "live in this dirty world and (would) go to hell" for her transgressions. She was convinced that she could be forgiven through istishadi. She was caught by Russian security forces before she martyred herself.74 In her interview with an Arab journalist in Palestine, an academic and member of the Knesset, Anat Berko stated the following concerning a female suicide bomber:I remembered something I had heard in that context, "Not a shaheeda, a sharmouta' (i.e., not a woman who died as a martyr for the sake of Allah, but just a whore), and I heard it from Murad, an Arab journalist who accompanied me several times when I interviewed individuals outside Israeli prisons. He added, ìIt was better for her to die than to be murdered, and she even took a couple of [Israeli] soldiers with her, so all her sins were forgotten. And there is something I want you to know: if someone decides to be a Shaheed, every bad thing [they] ever did is canceled, even if it's a question of a woman who slept around. It's like what a Muslim on a hajj feels like. So a lot of men commit sins and say to themselves, "I'll go on a hajj and everything will be erased, so I can do anything, I'm going to run wild."75 Istishadi is a complicated path for women, as it can be quite taboo in Muslim society and the Quran.76 In a New York Times article, Leor Halevi, a professor of history at Texas A&M University, talks about "the torture of the grave," or what occurs after the death of a Muslim who does not die through istishadi. Halevi writes that after a Muslim dies, they will return to Earth to see their funeral and will briefly reside in their body again while they are questioned by two angels, Munkar and Nakir. If their sins have been washed clean, their grave is made into a habitable luxurious domain until the end of days. If their sins have not been purified, the grave will become a constricting tight space that will weigh on them for eternity, and they will endure intense pain while worms eat their body. In the end, Allah may forgive them and let them into paradise. Indeed, the psychological effects of the "the torture of the grave" create anxiety for many Muslims. The psychologist Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek, who has studied preoccupation about death among Arab youth, has found that the torture of the grave is a realistic cause of anxiety. As Muslims understand it, it means that a person must lie in their grave until the Prophet returns or the person's sins are forgiven.77 Discussion of Case Studies-One difficulty with this research involves tracking statements from martyrs as to why they committed istishadi. The intent is the most important part of the act. If the intent is to kill as many infidels as possible before death, then the act is not suicide, and the person will gain the status of a shahid. The research in this article is based on the theory that these people lived un-Islamic lives and committed what are viewed as egregious sins in Muslim communities. What is known of these people is that they committed these sins, were approached by a recruiter, then typically became very strict Muslims, and subsequently martyred themselves, or at least tried to martyr themselves. Many of these suicide bombers are not likely to publicly confess their sins in the martyrdom videos that are sometimes published, since the admission of sins would likely mean embarrassment for the family in this society. However, there is a pattern that is evident in these case studies that can be observed. The case studies would be stronger if this author could have met with the martyrs prior to their final act or if they had left documents explaining their actions, but this was not possible.It appears that women are more likely to use istishadi for perceived sins as a reason to commit a suicide bombing than men. These sins include infidelity, alcoholism, drug use, promiscuity, rape (or induction of fitna), family embarrassment, transsexuality, and being a family burden. This is most likely due to the inferior status of women in the Islamic patriarchal society. Scholar Anat Berko states that the Palestinian women recruited for suicide bombings are often sexually abused before istishadi, but since they are earning passage to paradise their virtue no longer matters.78 Women are considered expendable in many Muslim countries by jihadist organizations, and in recent years women have been recruited to commit suicide bombings by jihadist groups in large numbers. Women are often not expected to be violent, cannot be easily searched, and can disguise themselves as being pregnant or obese while carrying a bomb. As a result, women can succeed in suicide bombings, and many jihadist organizations have capitalized on this fact.79 The concept of honor in Islamic society and the need for the women in the family to protect that honor is most likely another reason that women need to atone for their perceived sins by pursuing istishadi. Women are the keepers of honor in their families and are singularly responsible if that honor is lost. If a woman dies for Allah by pursuing istishadi, she wipes her sins clean and therefore restores the honor of her family. Sins that produce shame include barrenness, divorce, adultery, and rape, which are among the most common reasons for istishadi. Men also want to restore honor to their family by pursing istishadi, but this is not as prevalent for men as it is for women.Based on the data presented in this article, men who martyred themselves predominately attacked Western countries, whereas women were mostly attacking Israel and were Palestinians. It is important to note that female suicide bombers have not yet reached the Western countries en masse. However, this author hypothesizes that this could occur in time, particularly with ISIS. ISIS is incredibly skilled at using social media to recruit Western women to go to Syria or Iraq to join the organization, and it could either create sleeper cells to the West or recruit women in the West to commit acts of istishadi for Islam. If the women are already in jihadist Muslim families, this is not a far stretch. Conclusion and Avenues of Future Research -In conclusion, this theory that some jihadist Muslims martyr themselves because of their sins and receive automatic entry into paradise would benefit from more research. Since the martyrs are no longer with us, it would be advantageous to speak with family members and friends as to the suspected motives of these suicide bombers. Even then, family members may not know or may not be inclined to discuss the so-called "dirty laundry" of their deceased kin. Why was tawba not pursued by these people? The justification or personal story of the suicide bomber is often difficult to research. A possible counterargument to this research is that if istishadi is surest way to have one's sins forgiven and gain automatic entry into paradise, why are more Muslims not martyring themselves? The answer to this question is relatively simple. Most people do not want to die. Most people also do not have the fortitude to end their own lives and use suicide as the final solution. While the hadith corpus and Quran address these ideas, they are not explicitly adhered to, and achieving istishadi is one of the most extreme components of Islam for even the most devout believer. Therefore, jihadists tend to be one of the few sects of Islamists that pursue istishadi.However, there is some room for prognostication with this research. If a Muslim person, whether man or woman, lives a life that is not within the confines of their religion and they suddenly begin to live an austere Muslim lifestyle, this may be a warning sign that the person is potentially considering istishadi. At this point, an investigation or possibly an intervention from intelligence organizations or police may be necessary. Sudden changes in lifestyle behavior by Muslims attending extremist mosques are possible signs for terrorist profilers in intelligence organizations. Considering the terrorist attacks that are constantly occurring throughout the world and particularly in the West in recent years, it is possible that this phenomenon will continue to grow. Endnotes Albert Kenneth Cragg, "Hadith," Britannica Academic, 5 August 2020. "Hadith Collection," British Library, accessed 30 March 2021. Due to the complexity of these concepts, several terms have been generalized for the purposes of this discussion. Jihad, hadith, and tawba have multiple meanings depending on the context of the discussion within Islam.Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:2:35.Quran 2:160 (Yusuf Ali translation).Quran 66:8 (Yusuf Ali translation).Quran 4:116 (Shakir translation).Concerning suicide terrorism, the role of the jihadist terrorist group recruiter cannot be underestimated. It is the recruiter who brings the person to the organization, whether a family member or friend. Using information they have learned about the sins or weaknesses of the individual, the recruiter then influences the person to sacrifice their own life for political reasons. According to this author's own interview and research experiences, recruiters will often target the rejected, the disowned, the misfit, or mentally or physically damaged people. The recruiter must persuade the possible martyr that they need redemption for their sins and that paradise through jihad is worth the cost of their life. The recruiter may also work in tandem with an imam (leader) to corroborate the scriptural component. In a sense, the recruiter is the predator and the potential suicide bomber is the prey. The role of the recruiter is a gray area in terrorism studies and is often difficult to ascertain as the recruiters are few, are rarely arrested, and would never admit to their recruiting activities.Amritha Venkatraman, "Religious Basis for Islamic Terrorism: The Quran and Its Interpretations," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 30, no. 3 (2007): 229ñ48, https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100600781612.Yoram Schweitzer, Aviad Mendelboim, and Dana Ayalon, Suicide Bombings Worldwide in 2019: Signs of Decline following the Military Defeat of the Islamic State, INSS Insight No. 1244 (Tel Aviv, Israel: Institute for National Security Studies, 2020). The 2020 report has not been published yet.Yoram Schweitzer, Aviad Mendelboim, and Adi Gozlan, Suicide Attacks in 2018: Fewer Attacks and Victims in Fewer Countries, INSS Insight No. 1126 (Tel Aviv, Israel: Institute for National Security Studies, 2019). Zahid Aziz, "Shakir's Quran Translation-Blatant Plagiarism of the First Edition of Maulana Muhammad Ali's Translation," Lahore Ahmadiyya Islamic Movement, October 2005.Khaleel Mohammed, "Assessing English Translations of the Qurían," Middle East Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 58-71. "Jihad," BBC, 3 August 2009. Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:2:35.Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:352. Sahih Muslim, 20:4645.Quran 3:157 (Ahmed Ali translation).Quran 2:218 (Ahmed Ali translation). Quran 9:16 (Ahmed Ali translation).Quran 16:110 (Ahmed Ali translation).Quran 29:6 (Ahmed Ali translation). Quran 52:17-19 (Ahmed Ali translation). Quran 55:54-56 (Ahmed Ali translation). See also Quran 55:70-78 (Ahmed Ali translation).Quran 2:271 (Shakir translation).Quran 11:114 (Shakir translation). Jamií al-Tirmidhi, 3:106:1712. Jamií al-Tirmidhi, 4:21:268."Houri," Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed 30 March 2021. Seyyed Hossein Nasr et al., eds., The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary (New York: Harper Collins, 2015). See also the hadith by Abu "l-Q'wsim Sulaym'n Ibn Ahmad ibn Ayyoob ibn Mu'awyyir al-Lakhm' ash-Sh'm' at-'abar'ni. The houri are not human, and human beings are the highest of Allah's creation.Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qurían (New York: Book Foundation, 2005), 1128. The author writes, "The noun hur--rendered by me as 'companions pure'--is a plural of both ahwar (masc.) and hawraí (fem.).Nerina Rustomji, "American Visions of the Houri," Muslim World 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 79-92, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00159.x."Religions: Jihad," BBC, accessed 15 May 2020. David Lester, "Suicide and Islam," Archives of Suicide Research 1, no. 10 (January 2006): 40-63, https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110500318489.Ajit Shah and Mahmood Chandia, "The Relationship between Suicide and Islam: A Cross-national Study," Journal of Injury and Violence Research 2, no. 2 (June 2010): 93-97, https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v2i2.60.As cited in Ustadh Mukhtar Ba, "The Meaning of Tawba (Repentance from Sins)," Muslim Matters, 15 February 2013. "Repentance," Oxford Islamic Studies Online, accessed 15 May 2020.Ba, "The Meaning of Tawba (Repentance from Sins)."Ba, "The Meaning of Tawba (Repentance from Sins)"; and Roohi Tahir, "Repentance as a Way of Life: Islam, Spirituality, and Practice," Yaqeen Institute, 6 August 2018. Quran, 4:116 (Shakir translation).Leor Halevi, "The Torture of the Grave: Islam and the Afterlife," New York Times, 4 May 2007. Laleh Khalili, Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492235; and Justus Reid Weiner, "Palestinian Children and the New Cult of Martyrdom," Harvard Israel Review, accessed 30 March 2021.Quran 2:155ñ57 (Ahmed Ali translation); and Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:70:547.This statement is based on this author's research concerning prison interviews with convicted terrorists. See Christine Sixta Rinehart, Sexual Jihad: The Role of Islam in Female Terrorism (Lanham, MD; Lexington Books, 2019).Rinehart, Sexual Jihad.Darren Hudson et al., The Irrational Terrorist and Other Persistent Terrorism Myths (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2020).Adam Lankford, The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-destructive Killers (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).For more on the 2004 attack, see Stephen Sackur, "2004: Madrid Train Attacks," BBC, 11 March 2004.Lizzie Dearden, "Salman Abedi: How Manchester Attacker Turned from Cannabis-smoking Dropout to ISIS Suicide Bomber," Independent, 24 May 2017. Khan, hadith corpus, 4:52:43.Quran 9:123 (Shakir translation). David Cook, "Women Fighting in Jihad," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28, no. 5 (2005): 375-84, https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100500180212.Mia Bloom, Bombshell: Women and Terrorism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 23.Sinem Cengiz, "How Terrorist Groups Use Women as Suicide Bombers," Arab News, 17 December 2016. James Bennett, "Arab Woman's Path to 'Unlikely' Martyrdom," New York Times, 31 January 2002. Barbara Victor, Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), 111."Blackmailing Young Women into Suicide Terrorism," Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 12 February 2003."Dareen Abu Aysheh: Number Two Woman Martyr," Islam Online Archive, accessed 7 September 2017. Victor, Army of Roses, 109. Leda Reynolds, "Female Suicide Bomber Was 'Alcohol-loving' Honeytrap Planted to Fool Police," Daily Express, 20 November 2015. Yossef Bodansky, Chechen Jihad: Al-Qaedaís Training Ground and the Next Wave of Terror (New York: Harper Collins, 2007), 268.Saba Syed, "Fitnah Frenzy: Muslim Men Traumatized," Muslim Matters, 11 April 2011; and Fatima Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987).Anat Berko, The Path to Paradise: The Inner World of Suicide Bombers and Their Dispatchers, trans. Elizabeth Yuval (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007), 106-7; and "Attack by Female Suicide Bomber Thwarted at Erez Crossing," Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 20 June 2005. Berko, The Path to Paradise, 116-17; and Saíid Ghazali, "The Story of Hiba, 19, a Suicide Bomber. Can the Road-map Put an End to All This?," Independent, 27 May 2002.Rosemarie Skaine, Female Suicide Bombers (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), 143.Victor, Army of Roses, 41.Victor, Army of Roses, 196.Mira Tzoreff, "The Palestinian Shahida: National Patriotism, Islamic Feminism, or Social Crisis,: in Female Suicide Bombers: Dying for Equality?, ed. Yoram Schweitzer (Tel Aviv, Israel: Institute for National Security Studies, 2006), 13-24.Yoram Schweitzer, "Palestinian Female Suicide Bombers: Reality vs. Myth," in Female Suicide Bombers, 25-41.Victor, Army of Roses, 259."Atoning for Adultery with Martyrdom," Washington Times, 20 January 2004. Israeli Security Forces, "Blackmailing Young Women into Suicide Terrorism," Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 12 February 2003.Victor, Army of Roses, 140. Bodansky, Chechen Jihad, 268. Berko, The Path to Paradise, 2. See Rinehart, Sexual Jihad, chapter 5-Halevi, "The Torture of the Grave." Berko, The Path to Paradise.Jessica Davis, "Evolution of the Global Jihad: Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 36, no. 4 (2013): 279ñ91, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2013.763598.
