JEWISH KING JESUS IS COMING AT THE RAPTURE FOR US IN THE CLOUDS-DON'T MISS IT FOR THE WORLD.THE BIBLE TAKEN LITERALLY- WHEN THE PLAIN SENSE MAKES GOOD SENSE-SEEK NO OTHER SENSE-LEST YOU END UP IN NONSENSE.GET SAVED NOW- CALL ON JESUS TODAY.THE ONLY SAVIOR OF THE WHOLE EARTH - NO OTHER. 1 COR 15:23-JESUS THE FIRST FRUITS-CHRISTIANS RAPTURED TO JESUS-FIRST FRUITS OF THE SPIRIT-23 But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ’s at his coming.ROMANS 8:23 And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body.(THE PRE-TRIB RAPTURE)
HOW THE EUROPEAN UNION WILL CONTROL THE WORLDS ECONOMIES BY A SUPER COMPUTER AND A MICROCHIP IMPLANT UNDER YOUR SKIN.
FINALLY THE EUROPEAN UNION IS TALKING ABOUT HAVING THEIR OWN ARMY.AND IT MUST HAPPEN.
REVELATION 19:16-21
16 And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, King Of Kings, And Lord Of Lords.(JESUS RETURNG TO EARTH LITERALLY ON A WHITE HORSE WITH THE RAPTURED CHRISTIANS 7 YEARS EARLIER)
17 And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God;
18 That ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and great.(2ND TIME GOD-JESUS TELLS THE 500 MILLION MIGRATING BIRDS TO GET READY TO EAT HUMAN FLESH.THE FIRST TIME WAS WHEN GOD TOLD THE 500 MILLION MIGRATING BIRDS-TO EAT RUSSIA,GERMAN,ARAB, MUSLIM BODIES FOR 7 MONTHS IN EZEK 38 @ 39.
19 And I saw the beast,(E.U WORLD LEADER) and the kings of the earth, and their armies,(HERE IT SAYS THE E.U WILL HAVE ITS OWN ARMY) gathered together to make war against him that sat on the horse, (JESUS) and against his army.(RAPTURED CHRISTIANS)
20 And the beast (E.U WORLD LEADER) was taken, and with him the false prophet (POPE FRANCIS) that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone.
21 And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls were filled with their flesh.
Zephaniah 2:1-15
1 Gather together, yes, gather,O shameless nation,
2 before the decree takes effect[a] -before the day passes away like chaff—before there comes upon you the burning anger of the Lord, before there comes upon you the day of the anger of the Lord.
3 Seek the Lord, all you humble of the land, who do his just commands;[b] seek righteousness; seek humility; perhaps you may be hidden on the day of the anger of the Lord.
4 For Gaza shall be deserted, and Ashkelon shall become a desolation; Ashdod's people shall be driven out at noon, and Ekron shall be uprooted.
5 Woe to you inhabitants of the seacoast, you nation of the Cherethites! The word of the Lord is against you, O Canaan, land of the Philistines; and I will destroy you until no inhabitant is left.
6 And you, O seacoast, shall be pastures, with meadows[c] for shepherds and folds for flocks.
7 The seacoast shall become the possession of the remnant of the house of Judah, on which they shall graze, and in the houses of Ashkelon they shall lie down at evening. For the Lord their God will be mindful of them and restore their fortunes.
8 “I have heard the taunts of Moab (JORDAN) and the revilings of the Ammonites, how they have taunted my people and made boasts against their territory.
9 Therefore, as I live,” declares the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, Moab shall become like Sodom, and the Ammonites like Gomorrah, a land possessed by nettles and salt pits, and a waste forever.The remnant of my people shall plunder them, and the survivors of my nation shall possess them.”
10 This shall be their lot in return for their pride, because they taunted and boasted against the people of the Lord of hosts.
11 The Lord will be awesome against them; for he will famish all the gods of the earth, and to him shall bow down, each in its place, all the lands of the nations.
12 You also, O Cushites, shall be slain by my sword.
13 And he will stretch out his hand against the north and destroy Assyria,(SYRIA) and he will make Nineveh a desolation, a dry waste like the desert.
14 Herds shall lie down in her midst, all kinds of beasts;[d] even the owl and the hedgehog[e] shall lodge in her capitals; a voice shall hoot in the window; devastation will be on the threshold; for her cedar work will be laid bare.
15 This is the exultant city that lived securely, that said in her heart, “I am, and there is no one else.” What a desolation she has become, a lair for wild beasts! Everyone who passes by her hisses and shakes his fist.Sa'ar: No free meals; talks possible if more hostages freed Israel halts aid into Gaza, citing Hamas refusal to extend first phase of truce
Footnotes-a -Zephaniah 2:2 Hebrew gives birth, b-Zephaniah 2:3 Or who carry out his judgment, c-Zephaniah 2:6 Or caves, d-Zephaniah 2:14 Hebrew beasts of every nation, e-Zephaniah 2:14 The identity of the animals rendered owl and hedgehog is uncertain
DANIEL 2:37-45
37 Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory.
38 And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold.
39 And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth.
40 And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise.
41 And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters' clay, and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay.
42 And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.
43 And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay.
44 And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.
45 Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.
DANIEL 7:17-26
17 These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth.
18 But the saints of the most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever, even for ever and ever.
19 Then I would know the truth of the fourth beast, which was diverse from all the others, exceeding dreadful, whose teeth were of iron, and his nails of brass; which devoured, brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with his feet;
20 And of the ten horns that were in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spake very great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows.
21 I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them;
22 Until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the most High; and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom.
23 Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.
24 And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three kings.
25 And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time.
26 But the judgment shall sit, and they shall take away his dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end.
THE WORLD IN 10 WORLD TRADE BLOCS LEAD BY THE EUROPEAN UNION THE WORLD LEADER, NOT AMERICA.I PREDICT.
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND REVIVED ROMAN WORLD GOVERNMENT
DANIEL 2:31-33,36-43, DAN 7:3-8,17
First From Daniel Chapter 2
1 EGYPT
2 ASSYRIA
3 BABYLON (HEAD OF GOLD) DAN 2:31-32,36-38, DAN 1:1
4 MEDO-PERSIANS (CHEST & ARMS OF SILVER) DAN 2:32,39, DAN 9:1
5 GREECE (WAIST & HIPS OF BRONZE) DAN 2:32,39, DAN 11:2
6 ROME (2 LEGS OF IRON) DAN 2:33,40, ROM 1:6
7 REVIVED ROME (EU) (FEET IRON & CLAY) DAN 2:33,41-43,10 TOES
Now From Daniel Chapter 7
1 EGYPT
2 ASSYRIA
3 BABYLON (LION WITH EAGLES WINGS) DAN 7:4, DAN 1:1
4 MEDO-PERSIANS (BEAR ON HIND LEGS) DAN 7:5, DAN 9:1
5 GREECE (LEOPARD 4 WINGS, 4 HEADS) DAN 7:6, DAN 11:2
6 ROME (HUGE IRON TEETH) DAN 7:7 (10 HORNS), ROM 1:6
7 REVIVED ROME (EU) DAN 7:8,19-20,23-25 10 HORNS, 10 KINGS
REV 17:9,12, 10 HORNS, 10 KINGS, 7 HILLS ROME. REV 13:1 BEAST WITH 7 HEADS. THE E.U LEADER OF WORLD GOVERNMENT DAN 2:40-45, 7:7-8,23-25,27, 8:23, REV 13:3,7,8,12,14,16
REVELATION 17:10-12
10 And there are seven kings (7TH WORLD EMPIRE IN HISTORY) five are fallen, (EGYPT, ASSYRIA, BABYLON,:MEDO-PERSIAN,GREECE and one is,(IN POWER IN JOHNS DAY-ROME) and the other is not yet come; and when he cometh,(FUTURE-REVIVED ROMAN EMPIRE-EUROPEAN UNION TODAY) he must continue a short space.(7 YEARS OF WORLD DOMINATION-BUT 3 1/2 YEARS OF NEW WORLD ORDER OR ONE WORLD GOVERNMENT)
12 And the ten horns (10 WORLD TRADE BLOCS OR REGIONS) which thou sawest are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast.
REVELATION 17:12-13
12 And the ten horns (10 WORLD TRADE BLOCS-NATIONS) which thou sawest are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast.
13 These have one mind,(WORLD SOCIALISM) and shall give their power and strength unto the beast.
We shall have World Government, whether or not we like it. The only question is whether World Government will be achieved by conquest or consent.James Paul Warburg appearing before the Senate on 7th February 1950
Like a famous WWII Belgian General,Paul Henry Spock said in 1957:We need no commission, we have already too many. What we need is a man who is great enough to be able to keep all the people in subjection to himself and to lift us out of the economic bog into which we threaten to sink. Send us such a man. Be he a god or a devil, we will accept him.And today, sadly, the world is indeed ready for such a man.
DICK MORRIS-This truly creates a global economic system. From now on, don’t look to Washington for the rule making, look to Brussels.
THE CLUB OF ROME FOUNDER AURELIO PECCEI WANTS THE WORLD IN 10 REGIONAL TRADING BLOCKS.
REVELATION 16:1-2
1 And I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven angels, Go your ways, and pour out the vials of the wrath of God upon the earth.
2 And the first went, and poured out his vial upon the earth; and there fell a noisome and grievous sore upon the men which had the mark of the beast, and upon them which worshipped his image.
REVELATION 13:16-18
16 And he(FALSE POPE) causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, (SLAVE) to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads:(CHIP IMPLANT)
17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
18 Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.(6-6-6) A NUMBER SYSTEM
I KNOW THIS MARK WILL BE A MICROCHIP IMPLANT UNDER THE SKIN. LETS LOOK UP WHAT THE WORD MARK SAYS IN REVELATION 13:16-18, 14:9,11, 15:2, 16:2, 19:20, 20:4-ALL THESE VERSES FROM THE BOOK OF REVELATION SPEAK OF THIS DICTATORS MARK. NOW LETS SEE WHAT IT MEANS FROM STRONGS EXAUSTIVE CONCORDANCE OF THE BIBLE. UNDER MARK PAGE 684.MARK UNDER MARK. THE OLD TESTAMENT IS UNDER HEBREW AND THE NEW TESTAMENT IS UNDER GREEK. SO WHEN WE LOOK UNDER REVELATION 13:16-17 WE SEE IT IS UNDER GREEK, SO WE GO TO GREEK IN THE BACK SECTION AND GO TO 5480 TO SEE WHAT IT SAYS THIS MARK WOULD BE. SO LETS GET TO IT.MARK IN STRONGS GREEK 5480 XAPAYUA CHARAGMA, KHAR-AG-MAH: FROM THE SAME AS 5482: A SCRATCH OR ETCHING, I.E STAMP (AS A BADGE OF SERVITUDE), OR SCULPTURED FIGURE-(STATUE):-GRAVEN, MARK FROM 5482 XAPAE CHARAX, KHAR-AX; FROM XAPAOOW CHARASSO (TO SHARPEN TO A POINT; AKIN TO 1125 THROUGH THE IDEA OF SCRATCHING); A STAKE, I.E (BYIMPL.) A PALISADE OR RAMPART (MILITARY MOUND FOR CIRCUMVALLATION IN A SIEGE): - TRENCH FROM 1125 YPAPOE GRAPHO, GRAF-0; A PRIM. VERB; TO "GRAVE", ESPEC. TO WRITE; FIG. TO DESCRIBE:-DESCRIBE, WRITE (-ING, -TEN).G5516-GO TO G4742-666 - STRONGS NT 4742: στίγμα - στίγμα, στιγματος, τό (from στίζω to prick; (cf. Latinstimulus, etc.; German stechen, English stick, sting, etc.; Curtius, § 226)), a mark pricked in or branded upon the body. According to ancient oriental usage, slaves and soldiers bore the name or stamp of their master or commander branded or pricked (cut) into their bodies to indicate what master or general they belonged to, and there were even some devotees who stamped themselves in this way with the token of their gods (cf. Deyling, Observations, iii., p. 423ff); hence, τά στίγματα τοῦ (κυρίου so Rec.) Ἰησοῦ, the marks of (the Lord) Jesus, which Paul in Galatians 6:17 says he bears branded on his body, are the traces left there by the perils, hardships, imprisonments, scourgings, endured by him for the cause of Christ, and which mark him as Christ's faithful and approved votary, servant, soldier (see Lightfoots Commentary on Galatians, the passage cited). (Herodotus 7, 233; Aristotle, Aelian, Plutarch, Lcian, others.)
THE INVENTOR OF THE MICROCHIP IMPLANT-CARL SANDERS MICROCHIP ENGINEER LEADER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgH9D6n4ZWo
THE MICROCHIP IMPLANT IN YOUR RIGHT HAND OR FOREHEAD.
LEVETICUS 19.28
Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I am the LORD.
HERES WHAT THE WORLD WOULD LOOK LIKE (SINCE THERE WILL BE WORLD GOVERNMENT IN THE FUTURE)-UPDATED VERSION
01 CANADA, U.S.A, MEXICO
02 EUROPEAN UNION,WESTERN EUROPE
03 JAPAN
04 AUSTRALIA,NEW ZEALAND, S AFRICA, ISRAEL AND PACIFIC ISLANDS
05 EASTERN EUROPE
06 SOUTHERN, CENTRAL AND LATIN AMERICAS
07 NORTH AFRICA, AND MIDEAST (MOSLEMS)
08 CENTRAL AFRICA
09 SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
10 CENTRAL ASIA
THE CLUB OF ROME WANTS A WORLD CHARISMATIC DICTATOR (EITHER RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL OR SCIENTIFICAL) TO HEAD THIS WORLD GOVERNMENT. REV 13:3,7-8, DAN 7:23-24
WORLD POWERS IN THE END TIME
NORTH - RUSSIA EZEK 38:1-2, 39:1-2
SOUTH - EGYPT DAN 11:42
EAST - CHINA DAN 11:44,REV 16:12
WEST - EUROPEAN UNION DAN 7:23-24 (NOT THE U.S.A)
http://israel7777777.blogspot.ca/2012/03/10-world-trade-blocs-one-world.html
http://israndjer.blogspot.ca/2006/09/how-eu-takes-world-control.html
http://israndjer.blogspot.ca/2012/05/one-world-religion-crislam.html
FINALLY THE EUROPEAN UNION IS TALKING ABOUT HAVING THEIR OWN ARMY.AND IT MUST HAPPEN.
REVELATION 19:16-21
16 And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, King Of Kings, And Lord Of Lords.(JESUS RETURNG TO EARTH LITERALLY ON A WHITE HORSE WITH THE RAPTURED CHRISTIANS 7 YEARS EARLIER)
17 And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God;
18 That ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and great.(2ND TIME GOD-JESUS TELLS THE 500 MILLION MIGRATING BIRDS TO GET READY TO EAT HUMAN FLESH.THE FIRST TIME WAS WHEN GOD TOLD THE 500 MILLION MIGRATING BIRDS-TO EAT RUSSIA,GERMAN,ARAB, MUSLIM BODIES FOR 7 MONTHS IN EZEK 38 @ 39.
19 And I saw the beast,(E.U WORLD LEADER) and the kings of the earth, and their armies,(HERE IT SAYS THE E.U WILL HAVE ITS OWN ARMY) gathered together to make war against him that sat on the horse, (JESUS) and against his army.(RAPTURED CHRISTIANS)
20 And the beast (E.U WORLD LEADER) was taken, and with him the false prophet (POPE FRANCIS) that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone.
21 And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls were filled with their flesh.
COUNCIL FOR EUROPE ON DEFENCE
https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/document/download/6d6f889c-e58d-4caa-8f3b-8b93154fe206_en?filename=SAFE%20Regulation.pdf
HERES HOW THE E.U WILL KEEP TRACK OF EVERY ONE OF EARTHS POPULATION. AND YOUR MICROCHIP IMPLANT IMFORMATION WILL GO DIRECTLY INTO THIS SUPER COMPUTER. YOU DON'T THINK THIS FUTURE E.U DICTATOR CAN NOT KEEP TRACK OF EVERY ONE ON EARTH. 24 HOURS A DAY. AND WITH AI THE E.U LEADER CAN DO FAKE MIRACLES AND WONDERS. NO WONDER ALL ON EARTH NOT SAVED WILL BE DECIEVED TO WORSHIP THIS EU FUTURE WORLD LEADER.AND THE MICROCHIP IMPLANT WILL BE THE NEW CASHLESS SOCIETY MONEY. SO WE SEE THE EU CONTROLLING ALL THE WORLDS ECONOMIES.
EU RULES FOR SUPER COMPUTING
https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/european-commission-proposes-amendment-eurohpc-regulation-support-gigafactories-and-include-quantum-2025-07-16_en
JULICH SUPER COMPUTING.
https://www.fz-juelich.de/en/ias/jsc
JUPITER- https://www.fz-juelich.de/en/ias/jsc/jupiter
Europe bets on supercomputer to catch up in AI race.
Jülich, Germany, Sept 5 (AFP) Sep 05, 2025-Europe's fastest supercomputer Jupiter was inaugurated Friday in Germany with Chancellor Friedrich Merz saying it could help the continent catch up in the global artificial intelligence race."We in Germany, and we in Europe, have every opportunity to catch up and then keep pace" with AI pioneers the United States and China, said Merz.Here is all you need to know about the system, which boasts the power of around one million smartphones.- What is the Jupiter supercomputer? -Based at Juelich Supercomputing Centre in western Germany, it is Europe's first "exascale" supercomputer -- meaning it will be able to perform at least one quintillion (or one billion billion) calculations per second.The United States already has three such computers, all operated by the Department of Energy.Jupiter is housed in a centre covering some 3,600 metres (38,000 square feet) -- about half the size of a football pitch -- containing racks of processors, and packed with about 24,000 Nvidia chips, which are favoured by the AI industry.Half the 500 million euros ($580 million) to develop and run the system over the next few years comes from the European Union and the rest from Germany.Its vast computing power can be accessed by researchers across numerous fields as well as companies for purposes such as training AI models."Jupiter is a leap forward in the performance of computing in Europe," Thomas Lippert, head of the Juelich centre, told AFP, adding that it was 20 times more powerful than any other computer in Germany.- How can it help Europe in the AI race? -Lippert said Jupiter is the first supercomputer that could be considered internationally competitive for training AI models in Europe, which has lagged behind the United States and China in the sector.According to a Stanford University report this year, US-based institutions produced 40 "notable" AI models -- meaning those regarded as particularly influential -- in 2024, compared to 15 for China and just three for Europe.In a speech at the inauguration in Juelich, Merz conceded that the United States and China were currently in a "neck-and-neck race" for dominance in the AI field.But he insisted that Europe could make up lost ground -- and that it was crucial the continent do so."In Germany and in Europe as a whole, we need sovereign computing capacities that are on a par with our international competitors," Merz said."This is a question of competitiveness as well as the security of our country."Jupiter was built by a consortium consisting of Eviden, a subsidiary of French tech giant Atos, and German group ParTec.But, with Nvidia chips powering the machine, it is still heavily reliant on US technology.The dominance of the US tech sector has become a source of growing concern as US-European relations have soured.- What else can the computer be used for? -Jupiter has a wide range of other potential uses beyond training AI models.Researchers want to use it to create more detailed, long-term climate forecasts that they hope can more accurately predict the likelihood of extreme weather events.Le Roux said that current models can simulate climate change over the next decade."With Jupiter, scientists believe they will be able to forecast up to at least 30 years, and in some models, perhaps even up to 100 years," he added.Others hope to simulate processes in the brain more realistically, research that could be useful in areas such as developing drugs to combat diseases like Alzheimer's.It can also be used for research related to the clean energy transition, for instance by simulating air flows around wind turbines to optimise their design.- Does Jupiter consume a lot of energy? -Yes, Jupiter will require on average around 11 megawatts of power, according to estimates -- equivalent to the energy used to power thousands of homes or a small industrial plant.But its operators insist that Jupiter is the most energy-efficient among the fastest computer systems in the world.It uses the latest, most energy-efficient hardware, has water-cooling systems and the waste heat that it generates will be used to heat nearby buildings, according to the Juelich centre.sr/fz/lth
Press release 5 September 2025European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking-JUPITER: Launching Europe's Exascale Era
JUPITER, Europe’s first exascale supercomputer, was inaugurated today in Jülich, Germany by Chancellor Friedrich Merz & European Commissioner Ekaterina Zaharieva. The inauguration marks the beginning of a new era for European supercomputing.The event was also attended by high-ranking guests from politics, science, and industry including Hendrik Wüst, Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia; Roberto Viola, Director-General for Communication Networks, Content and Technology, at the European Commission (DG CNECT); Rafal Duczmal, Chair of the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU) Governing Board; and Anders Jensen, the EuroHPC JU Executive Director.Designed by the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) at Forschungszentrum Jülich in collaboration with EuroHPC JU and procured by EuroHPC Joint Undertaking, JUPITER stands as the first European supercomputer capable of performing one exaflop, which is equivalent to one billion times one billion calculations per second (1 ExaFLOP/s). It is also the most powerful system in Europe, combining outstanding performance with exceptional energy efficiency. It would take every person on Earth performing one calculation per second over four years to match what JUPITER can accomplish in a single second. This next-generation supercomputer represents a major leap in European technology and its unprecedented computing capacity will have a substantial impact on scientific progress across Europe. It will bolster European competitiveness and technological sovereignty, while pushing the frontiers of scientific simulations and facilitate the development of advanced AI models for socially relevant applications, ranging from medicine and highly precise climate and weather forecasts to the optimisation of sustainable energy systems and multilingual European language models.JUPITER will accelerate innovation and scientific discovery across Europe with access open to all users via the EuroHPC access calls. The allocation of the computing resources is jointly managed by the EuroHPC JU and the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing. This access will follow the successful rollout of the JUPITER Research and Early Access Program (JUREAP), which in recent months empowered more than 30 lighthouse projects, 15 of which were selected by EuroHPC JU, to explore and optimise their applications on the system. Through early access to JUPITER’s cutting-edge infrastructure, European researchers were able to push the limits of performance, experiment with next-generation hardware and software technologies, and fine-tune their codes for peak efficiency. The participating projects covered a wide range of domains from chemical sciences and computational physics to earth system modelling, engineering, and large-scale AI ensuring that JUPITER will deliver transformative impact across European science and industry from day one.Anders Jensen, EuroHPC JU Executive Director stated:" With JUPITER, Europe is entering the exascale era, unlocking unprecedented computing power to drive scientific discovery, industrial innovation, and technological sovereignty. I look forward to see the first wave of exascale applications and the breakthroughs they will bring. "Prof. Dr. Dr. Thomas Lippert, Director of the Jülich Supercomputing Centre added:“After a decade of intensive innovation efforts, we have collaboratively developed a system that not only sets new standards in computational performance but will fundamentally change scientific research across numerous fields. The most complex AI models can now be trained and applied – something that was not possible without JUPITER.” Ceremonial inauguration of the JUPITER Exascale Supercomputer-Based on Eviden’s latest BullSequana XH3000 architecture, JUPITER Booster is equipped with approximately 24,000 NVIDIA GH200 Grace Hopper Superchips, specifically optimised for computationally intensive simulations and the training of AI models. This cutting-edge architecture enables JUPITER to achieve up to 80 ExaFLOP/s AI performance, with 8 bit precision and sparse matrices, making it one of the world’s fastest systems for Artificial Intelligence.Composed of highly energy-efficient partitions, JUPITER is also setting new standards in sustainability and stands out as one of the most energy-efficient systems in the world. Thanks to its highly efficient warm-water cooling system, the supercomputer is designed to reuse the heat it generates during operation to heat buildings. For this purpose, it will be integrated into the heating network of the Jülich campus.JUPITER, short for “Joint Undertaking Pioneer for Innovative and Transformative Exascale Research”, is fully owned and co-funded half by the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU). The remaining half is funded equally by the German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (BMFTR, formerly BMBF) and the German Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (MKW NRW).Next steps-Later this year, JUPITER will be complemented by the JUPITER AI Factory (JAIF) , selected in March 2025 as part of the EuroHPC JU’s initiative to establish AI Factories across Europe, to support industry, particularly start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to harness its power to develop powerful, secure AI applications that conform with data protection requirements.Background-The EuroHPC JU is a legal and funding entity that brings together the European Union and participating countries to coordinate efforts and pool resources with the objective of making Europe a world leader in supercomputing.To equip Europe with a cutting-edge supercomputing infrastructure, the EuroHPC JU has already procured 11 supercomputers, distributed across Europe. Three of these EuroHPC supercomputers are now ranked among the world’s top 10 most powerful supercomputers: JUPITER in Germany ranks at 4, becoming Europe’s new fastest supercomputer along with LUMI in Finland (9th place), Leonardo in Italy (10th place).European scientists and users from the public sector and industry can benefit from EuroHPC supercomputers via the EuroHPC Access Calls no matter where in Europe they are located, to advance science and support the development of a wide range of applications with industrial, scientific and societal relevance for Europe.Currently, the EuroHPC JU is also overseeing the implementation of 13 AI factories across Europe that offer free, customised support to SMEs and startups, JAIF being one them. Additionally, the EuroHPC JU is deploying a European Quantum Computing infrastructure, integrating diverse European quantum computing technologies with existing supercomputers.The EuroHPC JU also funds research and innovation projects to develop a full European supercomputing supply chain, from processors and software to applications to be run on these
Press release10 July 2025European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking-
EuroHPC JU Signs Procurement Contract for Arrhenius Supercomputer-The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU), together with the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS), has signed a procurement contract for Arrhenius with the selected vendor, HPE. Arrhenius will be a mid-range supercomputer capable of executing over 60 petaflops, equivalent to 60 million billion operations per second, enabling the most advanced simulations in science and technology. Arrhenius will drive breakthroughs in areas like drug discovery, new materials design, and climate change mitigation while also powering applications in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and other demanding computational tasks.Located in Sweden, this world-class supercomputer will serve a diverse range of users across Europe, including the scientific community, industry, and the public sector. With robust security and data integrity standards, Arrhenius will be ideally suited for sensitive research involving personal data, as well as proprietary product development by private enterprises.The procurement of Arrhenius adds a new mid-range supercomputer to the EuroHPC JU portfolio of high-performance computing (HPC) systems, further advancing the European Union’s mission to provide scientists and industries across Europe with access to state-of-the-art supercomputing infrastructure and services.Once operational, Arrhenius will be complemented by MIMER, the EuroHPC AI Factory (AIF) located in Sweden, which will include a new AI-optimised supercomputer to be deployed through the recently closed tender procedure launched in May.The installation of Arrhenius is scheduled to begin in September and is planned to be completed early 2026.More details-HPE has been selected as the vendor following a procurement process initiated in July 2024.The system, named after Carl Axel Arrhenius, a Swedish geologist and chemist who discovered gadolinite in 1787, will be hosted by Linköping University, Sweden, where the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS) is located. Organisations such as RISE, the Research Institute of Sweden and ENCCS, the EuroCC Competence Centre Sweden, will be involved to ensure an appropriate uptake from industrial and public sector users.The estimated total value for Arrhenius is EUR 68.5 million. The machine will be co-funded by the EuroHPC JU, with a budget stemming from the Digital Europe Programme (DEP) and by contributions from the Swedish Research Council’s funding for NAISS. The JU will co-fund up to 35% of the total cost of the supercomputer. Access to computing resources on the new machine will be jointly managed by the EuroHPC JU and NAISS in proportion to their investments.NAISS official press release-Background-The EuroHPC JU is a legal and funding entity that brings together the European Union and participating countries to coordinate efforts and pool resources with the objective of making Europe a world leader in supercomputing.To equip Europe with a cutting-edge supercomputing infrastructure, the EuroHPC JU has already procured 10 supercomputers, distributed across Europe. Three of these EuroHPC supercomputers are now ranked among the world’s top 10 most powerful supercomputers: Jupiter in Germany ranks at 4, becoming Europe’s new fastest Supercomputer along with LUMI in Finland (9th place), Leonardo in Italy (10th place).European scientists and users from the public sector and industry can benefit from EuroHPC supercomputers via the EuroHPC Access Calls no matter where in Europe they are located, to advance science and support the development of a wide range of applications with industrial, scientific and societal relevance for Europe.Currently, the EuroHPC JU is also overseeing the implementation of 13 AI factories across Europe that offer free, customised support to SMEs and startups. One of these AIFs, MIMER, is located in Sweden. MIMER will provide a mid-range AI-dedicated supercomputer that prioritises cloud-style access mechanisms and large-scale storage for sensitive data. The Swedish AI Factory will particularly build AI support and training expertise in life sciences and healthcare, material sciences, autonomous systems and the gaming industry, all of which are areas of strength in Europe in general and Sweden in particular. Additionally, the EuroHPC JU is deploying a European Quantum Computing infrastructure, integrating diverse European quantum computing technologies with existing supercomputers. The EuroHPC JU also funds research and innovation projects to develop a full European supercomputing supply chain, from processors and software to applications to be run on these supercomputers and know-how to develop strong European HPC expertise.Details-Publication date-10 July 2025-Author-European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking
Power Duos: Supercomputers and Quantum Computers.
Jülich researchers are combining quantum computers with supercomputers. Such hybrid systems are intended to unite the advantages of both worlds and crack previously unsolvable scientific puzzles.Supercomputers and quantum computers work completely differently. You could say that one is a traditionalist, one a revolutionary. Supercomputers perform reliable calculations according to the familiar rules of physics using ones and zeros. Quantum computers, on the other hand, come from the bizarre world of quantum physics: they use all numbers between one and zero, and are capable of an unimaginable amount at the same time – but they are still difficult to control.In future, these unequal computing masters will work together as a power duo at Jülich. One such hybrid system is formed by the established JURECA DC supercomputer and JADE, a 100-qubit quantum simulator delivered by French company Pasqal, which has been in operation at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) since the end of 2024. Others are set to follow, including the new exascale supercomputer JUPITER, which is currently being built at Jülich. JUPITER will be coupled with the D-Wave Advantage2 system, an annealing quantum computer recently acquired for the Jülich UNified Infrastructure for Quantum computing (JUNIQ) (see infobox, page 30). This duo creates new opportunities for breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and optimization, for example in the field of logistics. Such hybrid systems are also expected to find answers to some of the trickiest questions in modern science, such as modelling complex climate scenarios or the structures of giant molecules.We want to combine the advantages of both systems. The supercomputer does most of the work and ensures a stable workflow. The quantum computer steps in whenever its partner gets stuck or takes too long to solve the problem.Kristel Michielsen, head of the Jülich UNified Infrastructure for Quantum computing (JUNIQ). The platform provides access to state-of-the-art quantum computers and the possibility to connect supercomputers to quantum systems that are already running.The best of both worlds“We want to combine the advantages of both systems,” explains Prof. Kristel Michielsen from JSC. “The supercomputer does most of the work and ensures a stable workflow. The quantum computer steps in whenever its partner gets stuck or takes too long to solve the problem.” One example would be climate simulations: “The supercomputer performs the central modelling, while the quantum computer takes on specific subtasks such as highly complex optimization questions.” This could involve investigating atmospheric chemistry, for example, where the multitude of chemical particles and processes means that there is a huge number of possibilities to be tested.As such modelling involves countless parameters, this would keep even the most powerful supercomputers – such as the new exascale computer JUPITER – busy for years or even decades. This is not the case with quantum computers. Unlike conventional bits, their computing units, qubits, can not only assume the values 0 and 1, but also any number of values in between. A quantum processor therefore has the potential to perform numerous operations in parallel, which is why it could calculate significantly faster and more efficiently than a conventional computer. “This saves time and energy,” says Michielsen.
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JUPITER
The JUPITER supercomputer will be the first exascale computer in Europe. Coupling it with quantum computers is just one application. Its computing power makes it one of the world’s most powerful supercomputers for AI. This will allow AI applications to be developed, tested, improved, and scaled faster than ever before. It is therefore only logical that a central pillar of European AI infrastructure is also being established in Jülich: the AI Factory. This will give small and medium-sized enterprises, industry, and research institutions access to JUPITER with tailored support for all AI applications. The JUPITER AI Factory (JAIF) is being provided with around € 55 million in funding by the European supercomputing initiative EuroHPC Joint Undertaking, the German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space, and the ministries of science in North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse. Several leading German AI institutions have joined forces in this joint project.
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JUNIQ
JUNIQ – the Jülich UNified Infrastructure for Quantum computing – is part of Forschungszentrum Jülich’s large future IT ecosystem. This unique platform offers science and industry access to a wide range of quantum systems at various stages of development – from state-of-the-art commercial systems such as the D-Wave quantum annealer and quantum simulators such as JADE to continuously optimized, experimental quantum computers from projects such as QSolid and OpenSuperQPlus. Through hybrid approaches, i.e. combining quantum computers with supercomputers, and the integration of artificial intelligence, complex problems can be addressed in completely new ways. Users also benefit from comprehensive support in the development of algorithms and applications for quantum computing.
JSC has already connected a small five-qubit system from German–Finnish manufacturer IQM to its JURECA DC supercomputer and carried out initial test experiments. A superconducting qubit system developed by Jülich researchers in collaboration with Goethe University Frankfurt and the companies ParTec and Quantum Machines will soon be added, as well as an ion trap system from the German start-up eleQtron. All three systems will be integrated into JSC’s supercomputing infrastructure and are part of the JUNIQ user infrastructure, where FZJ combines, develops, and tests a wide variety of quantum systems. “JUNIQ offers users the unique opportunity to find the most suitable quantum system for their needs and compare different concepts on a single platform,” stresses Michielsen.
To allow the quantum computers to fully leverage their strengths at the right moments, researchers first need to coordinate the communication and methodology of the two different types of computers. This requires software that takes into account both traditional and quantum mechanical approaches. If all this succeeds, the hybrid systems could answer important questions not only in climate research, but also in chemistry, medicine, materials science, finance, AI research, logistics, and quantum physics. Therefore, when it comes to major scientific challenges, it could prove to be a great advantage to have two systems cooperating that work in completely different ways.Extensive expertise-Forschungszentrum Jülich’s broad expertise in supercomputing and quantum computing really comes to the fore with the development of such hybrid computers on the Jülich campus. Back in 1987, the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) was the first high-performance computing centre in Germany. Now, the first European exascale computer, JUPITER, is being built there. “Exa” denotes a “1” with 18 zeros, or a quintillion calculations per second. This is roughly equivalent to the computing power of 1 million modern smartphones. The Jülich supercomputer community also includes four other supercomputers.Jülich’s quantum research is also unique in Germany. The scientists cover the entire spectrum of quantum research – from quantum theory, hardware construction, and software programming to the testing and further development of finished components. Depending on the problem at hand, the researchers work with very different systems, each with their own characteristics – including a quantum annealer from the Canadian company D-Wave. This makes it possible to try out different techniques and power duos at Jülich.This text is taken from the 1/25 issue of effzett. Text: Janosch Deeg; Images: Forschungszentrum Jülich/Sascha Kreklau
Augmented body surveillance: Human microchip implantations and the omnipresent threat of function creep-Author links open overlay panelMarie-Helen Maras a , Michelle D. Miranda
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102295
Highlights • Human microchip implants create augmented bodies that can be subject to surveillance.
• There are security, privacy, and data protection concerns associated with human microchip implantations.
• There is an observable function creep in human microchip implantation applications.
• Barring any preventative laws, human microchip implantation data can be accessed for criminal investigations and prosecutions.
• Potential users should be aware of and consider these risks prior to adopting such technologies.
Abstract
Implanted microchips can store users' medical, financial, and other personal information, and provide users with easy and quick access to various locations and items. While adopted for their convenience outside of the healthcare sector, these invasive, semi-permanent implantable devices create augmented bodies that can be subject to ubiquitous surveillance. Situating human microchip implantations within surveillance literature, we draw from neoliberal perspectives of surveillance to examine augmented bodies, particularly as sources for market activity and as subjects of social control and sorting when these bodies are used as access control mechanisms, payment methods, and tracking means in employment, residential, commercial, and transportation sectors. History has demonstrated time and time again how unfettered technology applications and uses have led to real and/or perceived misuse by private and public sectors. Through the lens of function creep, we identify a pattern of expansion of applications and uses of technology beyond those originally intended across new technologies, such as DNA genetic genealogy databases, IoT wearables, and COVID-19 contact tracing apps, and provide illustrative examples of function creep, particularly the use of these technologies in criminal investigations and prosecutions despite not being intended or marketed for such use. By demonstrating the lack of clearly defined boundaries in the applications and uses of various new technologies and their associated data, and the ways they were misused, we demonstrate how human microchip implantations are headed on a similar path. The current and potential future uses of this technology raise concerns about the absence of regulation, law, and policy barring or limiting its application and use in specific sectors, and the impact of this technology on users’ security, data protection, and privacy. Undeniably, the present and potential future functions, applications, uses, and extensions of human microchip implantations in various sectors warrant a proactive examination of their security, privacy, and data protection consequences and the implementation of proactive policies to regulate new and currently unregulated uses of this technology and its associated data within these sectors.
Introduction
Human implanted technologies have long been depicted in popular culture—in books, TV series, and films. From biological implants serving to control bodily functions in the 2018 film Upgrade, to child monitoring technologies in the 2017 episode of Arkangel in the Black Mirror television series [1], human microchip implantations (HMIs) are viewed as science fiction or a concern for future generations. However, is the transition of HMIs from fiction to reality imminent? If they are currently in use, where are they being used and why were they introduced? For those HMIs currently in use, is regulation in place to prevent misuse or ensure that life (reality) does not imitate art (science fiction)? These questions served as a motivation for this study, which sought to: 1) situate HMIs in surveillance literature; 2) identify the scope of HMI use and applications; and 3) investigate the reasons and purposes for their introduction, the justifications for their use, and the current and future implications of their deployment and adoption.
Our work situates function creep in the surveillance literature using it as an analytical lens to examine HMIs. Like our predecessors who examined function creep across other technologies, such as DNA databases [2], we examine a particular technology – HMIs – and how this technology has evolved over time. In developing our approach, we considered Kevin Haggerty's assertion that “if there is ever public debate about a new monitoring technology this tends to occur just prior to the tool being incorporated into a concrete governmental initiative or expanded to new populations” ([3], p. 165). And yet, we observed remarkable inattention to HMIs before their deployment in several sectors and a lack of clearly defined boundaries in both the uses and applications of this technology, and the target population of the technology.
When examining the evolution of HMIs, we draw attention to the way HMIs expanded through extensions to various applications and target populations. We highlight particularly concerning applications and uses of HMIs, which use humans as access control, payment, and tracking mechanisms in employment, residential, commercial, and transportation sectors. With these applications and uses, HMIs can serve as a tool of surveillance. Unlike other surveillance tools that exist in individuals’ environments (home or outside) or on their person (in the form of a wearable device), this tool is embedded within human beings. These microchips can be used to store and share personal, medical, financial, and other information, track and surveil people, and grant access to a particular device, room, building, facility, or establishment.
In taking a critical lens to HMIs and the threat of function creep, we consider the interface of reality and (science) fiction, both ontologically and functionally. In the metaphysical space, we think about how technology shapes our existence in a temporal context, focusing on Heidegger's Dasein and the essence of technology—the recognition and assignment of meaning with respect to new technology (HMIs) helps to shape the human idea of existing within our everyday world [4,5]. But, in thinking about human existence in which HMIs become integrated, it becomes necessary to reconcile the emergence of the cyborg (defined here broadly as the combination of the human physical form with mechanical and/or electronic components). The dual identity—human and machine—the cyborg of science fiction—presents challenges to both individuality and Being. Considering the elusive purpose of HMIs, the science fiction imagination presents such technology as blurring the line between safety and danger—the decision lies in whether HMIs will control the “other” (e.g., criminals) or if they will be used to control “us” (e.g., the law-abiding citizen). From a functional perspective, both social sorting and the pervasive reality of surveillance capitalism means that behavior modification, individualized cloning, and the hive mind can all contribute to the surveillance and social control of bodies embedded with microchips (augmented bodies or cyborgs) and the data they generate.
We engaged in exploratory research to better understand the adoption of HMIs and delineate issues and impacts associated with their adoption. This approach was used to investigate the implications of HMI adoption. We conducted a clearnet search to identify news reports and academic journal articles covering HMIs, using various combinations of the terms “microchip,” “embedded,” “implant” and “humans.” Searches were limited to English language news reports and peer-reviewed journal articles covering HMIs. Supplementary research was conducted on identified HMI applications in private archival academic databases (e.g., Lexis Uni and Elsevier's Science Direct). The searches led to the identification of HMI use across various sectors, including food and agriculture, environmental, healthcare, employment, residential, transportation, and commercial sectors. Our search also revealed that microchip implantations have been used for decades in certain sectors, presented in part through the evolution of US Patents connected to current and developing HMI technology. In our analysis, we identify possible future uses of HMIs based on past experiences with other, more recent technologies. We conclude by identifying gaps in existing regulation, laws, policies, and practices in expanded HMI applications and uses, looking particularly at security, privacy, and data protection implications.
We present our exploratory approach in four major parts. The first part provides an overview of microchip development and applications, drawing attention to augmented bodies used for access control, payment, and tracking. The second part provides an overview of surveillance and the prevailing views of surveillance as a tool of power, discipline, and/or control. In this section, we introduce the potential of surveillance for consumer cloning, behavior modification, and social sorting. The third part explores function creep as an element of technology deployment. This concept of function creep is then linked specifically to HMIs in the following part, drawing on the patterns observed with the data derived from genetic genealogy databases (e.g., DNA ‘profiles’), public health apps (e.g., COVID-19 geolocations) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices (e.g., health data derived from wearable devices). This section also considers patterns of consumer adoption of new technology, including HMIs. The last part considers the threats and impacts of function creep on security, privacy, and data protection by critically examining HMI capabilities, existing data protection and HMI laws, and identifying gaps in technical and legal controls.
Section snippets
Evolution of microchip applications
Innovations within healthcare and public health, food and agriculture, and other sectors that play critical roles in the protection of wildlife and ecosystems have positively contributed to environmental, agricultural, and health security. Microchips are implanted in wildlife and livestock to monitor their health and movements and protect both animal and human populations. The development of implanted devices gained traction in the 1960s, with the development of a US patent for tracking the
Surveilling augmented bodies
Conceptions of surveillance, the targets of surveillance, the tools of surveillance, and those conducting surveillance have shifted over time. The word “panoptic” has been used to describe surveillance measures. This term is derived from the prison design of Jeremy Bentham, which consists of a circular prison with a central guard tower and prison cells placed along the entire circumference of the structure [27]. The central location of the guard tower enables the observation of each prison cell
Function creep
Gary T. Marx recognized how new uses for technology are identified and implemented over time [47]. Similarly, Lyon argued that surveillance technologies are not limited to a single purpose, but can be multifarious and eventually subject to change [34,48,49]. These new uses and/or functions of technology result from the push to integrate new technologies and systems into existing ones for various reasons [50]. The next section introduces our theoretical lens and framework for our analysis,
The security, privacy, and data protection lacuna
The consequences of function creep have been explored across many disciplines and technologies– DNA databases [2]; workplace surveillance [113]; migration and crime control [60]; and public health [114], with the latter extending to present day contract tracing apps implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic [65]. A yet unexplored aspect of HMIs are the consequences of the expansion of its functions and applications. As the utilization of HMIs spreads and the resultant data becomes
Conclusion
Because implantable devices enable the extensive processing of subjects' personal data and the pervasive surveillance of individuals, their locations, and associations, this technology will contribute to the already extensive digital footprints of individuals, resulting in more personal, medical, and financial information reaching even more providers. This, in turn, increases the number of providers that have access to users’ data, thereby increasing the risk of personal data exposure. The lack
Credit author statement
Marie-Helen Maras: project administration; conceptualization; investigation; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. Michelle D. Miranda: conceptualization; investigation; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing.
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Data Center Embedded Controllers
Establish System Trust Chain With Our Platform Root of Trust Microcontrollers-The rapid expansion of connected products has compelled developers of data center, 5G, communication, networking and industrial equipment to seek new ways to keep their hardware, firmware and operating systems secure and uncompromised. Security threats are increasing exponentially in frequency, targeted devices, malignancy and costs of attacks. In today's vast interconnected world, the need to provide greater security within a product or system is becoming a standard requirement.
Quantum Computing Explained
Three qubits appear in an artist’s conception as X-shaped icons that fit together.A computer that could break the encryption that safeguards your private information on the internet. A machine that can design powerful new drugs by precisely simulating the behavior of individual molecules. A device that optimizes complex supply chains to help companies get the parts they need and assemble them in the most efficient way possible.These are all examples of how an emerging technology — the quantum computer — could change our world.These computers work by harnessing quantum physics — the strange, often counterintuitive laws that govern the universe at its smallest scales and coldest temperatures. Today’s quantum computers are rudimentary and error-prone. But if more advanced and robust versions can be made, they have the potential to rapidly crunch through certain problems that would take current computers years. That’s why governments, companies and research labs around the world are working feverishly toward this goal.Quantum computers will not replace our familiar “classical” computers. Rather, the two types of machines could work together to solve problems that stymie classical computers, potentially supercharging scientific research in fields such as materials and drug discovery, giving a boost to industry and upending cybersecurity as we know it.Let’s explore how quantum computers work.What is quantum, anyway? Quantum physics describes the universe at its smallest and most fundamental scales — think atoms and molecules; light and energy. Things at these scales behave very differently from everyday objects we’re familiar with.One of the most important differences involves a concept called superposition. Let’s start by considering an everyday, human-scale object such as a person on a ladder. Depending on which rung the person stands on, they have a certain amount of potential energy. (This potential energy determines how fast the person would be moving when they hit the ground if they were to jump off the ladder.) A person on the ground has the smallest possible amount of energy in this system. Someone on the first rung has slightly more energy, and so on up to the highest rung.By contrast, tiny objects such as atoms can act as though they have two or more distinct amounts of energy at once. In our ladder example, this would be akin to simultaneously standing on the ladder’s lowest and highest rungs — something that makes no sense for a person.Once placed into this kind of mixed energy state, known as a “quantum superposition,” an atom will remain there until it is measured or disturbed by the outside world. Then the atom “collapses” to a single energy state — following our analogy, to either the low or high rung of the ladder.Superposition: A circle is split, with halves marked 0 and 1. When a ruler appears, the entire circle becomes 1.A particle starts out in a quantum superposition of energy state 0 and energy state 1. When the particle is measured (represented by a ruler), it must instantaneously and randomly “collapse” to be either fully in state 0 or state 1.To cast this idea into familiar terms, the famous physicist Erwin Schrödinger came up with a memorable, though absurd, thought experiment: Imagine a perfectly sealed box containing a cat and a poison trap that can be triggered by the decay of a radioactive atom. Because the decay of the atom is uncertain, at any given time, the cat is in a superposition of dead and alive. Only when someone opens the box and measures the cat does its state “collapse” to being either definitively alive or definitively dead. Real cats can’t be both alive and dead, of course, but Schrödinger’s imaginary cat has become an enduring metaphor to help people grapple with the strangeness of superposition.Building on the superposition concept, multiple atoms or other quantum objects can be entangled with each other to share a single quantum state. Now imagine several cats in Schrödinger’s box, potential victims of the same trap. These cats are “entangled” in a superposition of all being alive or all being dead. When someone opens the box, not just the state of one cat but those of all the cats immediately collapse, and each cat is found to be fully alive or fully dead. “Entanglement means you’ve got at least two things that are always connected; they have no independent existence,” explains NIST physicist Andrew Wilson.Entanglement: Two circles connected with a wavy line are each split, with halves marked 0 and 1. When a ruler appears, one circle becomes entirely 0 and the other is entirely 1.A pair of particles start out each in a quantum superposition of energy state 0 and energy state 1. Because the particles are also entangled with each other, when one is measured (represented by a ruler), both must randomly “collapse” such that one is fully in state 0 and the other is fully in state 1. The collapse is instantaneous for both particles, no matter how far apart they are.These scenarios strike us as absurd when applied to familiar objects such as cats. But at the atomic level, this is how the world works. Tiny objects such as atoms can exist in multiple states simultaneously. And these states can be entangled with those of other objects even when the objects are far apart. “Let’s say you have an entangled pair of particles and you put one on the Moon and the other on the surface of the Earth. If you then do something to the one on the Earth, you simultaneously affect the other,” Wilson says. “It’s kind of romantic!”We’ll soon explore how physicists use these ideas to build quantum computers. But first we need to understand ...What is a computer? These days, we use computers for just about everything: gaming and streaming, banking and shopping, following our favorite sports teams and chatting with friends and family members. But we rarely think about what a computer is or how it works.At its most fundamental level, a computer is any device that takes in data, processes it, stores it and spits it out. The phones in our pockets, the servers in data centers, the microprocessors in our cars and the room-sized supercomputers at national labs: All of these digital computers encode and process information using “bits.” Bits are “binary digits” that encode information — text, graphics and so on — as 1s and 0s. For example, computers typically represent the letter “A” using the bit string “01000001.”But bits, like the computers they are part of, are not just mathematical concepts. They need to be realized in physical objects such as tiny bar magnets or electric switches that can be placed into one of two distinct states, say pointed up or pointed down.Bits are very good at what they do. Put a bit into a “0” or “1” state and it will usually stay there for a long time, meaning the information it encodes is stable and long-lasting. But bits are also limited.Quantum computers also have input, output, information processing and memory. But instead of regular classical bits, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits. Like Schrödinger’s unfortunate cat, qubits can be put into superpositions of multiple states. In other words, a qubit can be in state 0, state 1, or a mix of the two. And the quantum states of individual qubits can be entangled with each other.These capabilities give quantum computers their superpower. Whereas two classical bits contain just two pieces of information (0 and 1, for example, or 1 and 0), two qubits can contain a superposition of four combinations of 0s and 1s simultaneously. Three qubits can contain eight combinations; four qubits, 16 combinations and so on. Each additional qubit doubles the number of combinations: an exponential increase.Someone using a quantum computer must first entangle qubits to harness their exponential computing power. The operator then carries out operations on the qubits, such as addition, multiplication or more complicated computations. Depending on the type of quantum computer, electromagnetic signals or lasers create the entanglement and operations.Though they are capable of exponential computation, quantum computers are limited in the amount of data they can extract from these computations — a fact that’s often lost in popular descriptions giving the impression that quantum computers try every solution to a problem at once.“Different computations can indeed be done in superposition, achieving a kind of parallel computing,” says Stephen Jordan, a Google quantum computing researcher who was a longtime NIST staff member and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science fellow-But contrary to popular belief, this doesn’t allow quantum computers to do an efficient ‘brute force’ search over all the potential solutions.“The measurement at the end of the computation can only extract a small amount of information about the results of all of these computations,” Jordan explains. “The key is to design the measurement so that it extracts useful information about the whole set of results done in superposition.”(Note: This article describes quantum computers that do computations using logic gates, similar to classical computers. Some scientists and companies are pursuing another technology known as “quantum annealing” that could be used to solve certain physics and optimization problems faster than classical computers can.) What could quantum computers do? At a 1981 gathering of physicists outside Boston, the famous physicist Richard Feynman spoke about the possibility of “simulating physics with computers.” Though other scientists had independently developed similar ideas around the same time, Feynman’s talk is often credited with launching the field of quantum computing.Since then, scientists have explored how quantum computers could, in theory, simulate the fundamental quantum rules that govern molecules, chemicals and materials — something today’s computers can only approximate with great effort. If quantum computers eventually become large and powerful enough, scientists hope that such quantum simulations could bring about major advances in materials science, drug development and other areas. Potentially transformative “killer apps” for quantum simulation could involve discovering a new blockbuster drug or chemical catalysts that make the production of fertilizer or the capture of greenhouse gases from the air more efficient.In 1994, a mathematician named Peter Shor published a paper-about a very different application that instantly made quantum computing a national security issue. The algorithms that encrypt much of our data work by multiplying very large prime numbers together to create a secret key — something that’s very hard for classical computers to undo. Shor’s paper described a quantum algorithm that could quickly factor the immense numbers that are products of these huge prime numbers, potentially putting much of the world’s encrypted information at risk.Scientists also believe quantum computers could outpace classical computers at solving complicated optimization problems such as helping companies organize complex processes such as airplane assembly in more efficient ways.Most of these applications are years — perhaps even decades — in the future. But scientists have started to publish papers claiming that quantum computers have demonstrated a “quantum advantage,” meaning they can outdo classical computers for certain tasks. Quantum computers have been used to calculate the energies of small molecules, for example, and simulate the magnetic properties of collections of interacting atoms.So far, none of these early demonstrations have proved truly useful, says Scott Glancy, a physicist at NIST. And in some cases, scientists later showed that traditional computers could equal or exceed the performance of quantum processors for some tasks. The demonstrations do, however, prove that quantum computers work and can be scaled up.“It seems to me we’re just on the threshold of quantum systems doing genuinely new simulations that we can’t do classically,” says Glancy.Beyond these practical applications, quantum computers could offer a new way to probe the fundamental nature of reality. A full-scale quantum computer, if successfully built, would contain some of the most complex quantum states ever created (assuming aliens have not already built such devices). Those states would provide an important, albeit not surprising, confirmation of quantum theory. If, on the other hand, scientists find that a large-scale quantum computer cannot be built, that would be “shocking,” says Glancy. “It might inspire a revolution in physics. In my opinion that is a good reason to build a quantum computer.”Why don’t we have quantum computers today? Qubits are exquisite but fragile. A stray electric or magnetic field, temperature fluctuations or even a cosmic ray can ruin a superposition or entanglement. This forces qubits into a 0 or 1 state in which they act like ordinary bits. Anyone building a quantum computer must find ways to manipulate the qubits carefully while protecting them from outside disturbances.Moreover, a single qubit by itself is worth little. For a quantum device to do something useful, many qubits must be entangled with each other while sustaining superpositions. The best quantum computers today contain hundreds of interconnected qubits and make an error roughly once in every thousand operations. An error changes the state of a qubit, destroying or corrupting the information it carries.(By contrast, a classical computer makes around one error, such as a bit randomly flipping from 0 to 1, for every quintillion — 1 followed up 18 zeroes — calculations. And correcting errors in a classical computer is much easier.) Industry, university and government researchers around the world are racing to make more reliable qubits and build electronics and laser systems that create entanglement more efficiently and robustly. And they are experimenting with many kinds of qubits. In theory, any particle or system that obeys the rules of quantum physics, from atoms to tiny circuits to semiconductors, can act as a qubit.Each qubit has advantages and disadvantages. For example, one of the most popular qubit types uses electrically charged atoms known as ions. The quantum energy states of electrons inside these ions represent the 0s and 1s (and combinations thereof) for quantum computation. Ion qubits can sustain quantum superpositions for a long time, but they are relatively sluggish at performing computations.Square device surrounded by a design of gold wiring.A gold-on-alumina ion trap inside a case that protects ions from electrical interference.Another popular qubit uses tiny circuits made from superconductors — materials that conduct electricity without resistance at very cold temperatures. The behavior of the electrons in the circuits creates quantized energy states that can be used to encode 0s and 1s. These qubits allow for fast computations and can be made using existing chip manufacturing techniques. But their quantum states are more fragile and shorter-lived than those of ion qubits.Colorized micrograph of superconducting circuit-A chip combining a superconducting qubit (pink) for storing quantum information, a quantum bus (green) for transporting information, and a switch (purple) that tunes interactions between the other two components.Scientists are also experimenting with qubits based on arrays of neutral (non-electrically charged) atoms, atoms embedded in diamonds, particles of light known as photons-and small bits of silicon.Some researchers are also trying to develop a radically different type of qubit, known as a “topological” qubit, that would have some built-in immunity to errors. In theory, topological qubits could encode quantum information into the braiding pattern of “quasiparticles” that emerge from the collective behavior of individual particles such as electrons. These braiding patterns, and thus the quantum states, would be protected from some of the outside disturbances that can disrupt other qubits. Topological qubits require temperatures near absolute zero and complicated structures often involving superconducting and semiconducting materials. They have proved challenging to build, and researchers are still seeking definitive evidence that they have managed to make one. Ultimately, quantum computers may marry multiple kinds of qubits so that each can play to its strengths. Superconducting or photonic qubits could crunch through operations quickly, for example, then transfer their information to ion or diamond qubits for storage.
What is NIST on a Chip? -NIST has embarked on a revolutionary program that will bring cutting-edge measurement-science technology and expertise from our labs directly to users in commerce, medicine, defense and academia. We are developing a suite of inherently accurate measurement technologies that operate according to the precise, time-tested principles of quantum physics.The ultimate goal of NIST on a Chip technology is for it to be deployed nearly anywhere and anytime, without the need for NIST’s traditional measurement services. We are seeking partnerships with the U.S. private sector and other government agencies to bring these technologies to commercial reality and unleash new capabilities for American innovation. Learn more about the promise of NIST on a Chip.
Introduction-The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has launched NIST on a Chip, a program that will bring cutting-edge measurement-science technology and expertise from our labs directly to users in industry, defense, medicine and academia. NIST on a Chip (NOAC) aims to make ultra-reliable measurement technology available nearly anywhere and anytime. We are seeking partnerships with the U.S. private sector to bring these technologies to commercial reality and unleash new capabilities for American innovation.A microfluidic lab on a chip device sitting on a polystyrene dish.An early experimental microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device sitting on a polystyrene dish. Stainless steel needles inserted into the device serve as access points for fluids into small channels within the device, which are about the size of a human hair.NOAC technology will bring world-leading, NIST-level accuracy to factory floors, hospital diagnostic centers, commercial and military aircraft, research labs and ultimately homes, vehicles and personal devices.The program is creating prototypes for a new generation of ultra-compact, inexpensive, low-power measurement tools for time and frequency, distance, mass and force, temperature and pressure, electrical and magnetic fields, current and voltage, fluid volume and flow, and more. Because these devices are directly based on the rules of quantum physics, they are inherently accurate and reliable. These NIST-pioneered technologies will be manufactured and distributed by the private sector, opening new tech-transfer and lab-to-market opportunities in accordance with NIST’s goal of strengthening U.S. economic competitiveness by supporting advanced manufacturing.Breaking the Calibration Cycle.It’s not enough to have the latest and greatest equipment for accurately measuring the size of a new aircraft wing or administering the precise dose of a lifesaving new drug. Such measurement equipment must regularly be calibrated against a reliable reference or standard to make sure it’s producing accurate results. At present, many calibrations entail considerable downtime as users periodically send valuable devices or in-house standards to NIST or other calibration facilities for testing against U.S. national standards, and then wait for the instruments to be shipped back.Infographic shows steps from instrument in lab being sent to NIST for calibration and returning to the lab.NIST on a Chip, by contrast, aims to make possible universal, in-house access to mass-produced, robust, miniaturized instruments and standards that can be traced to U.S. national standards and the International System of Units (SI). These instruments will not require external calibration because their operation relies on fundamental constants and unchanging quantum phenomena.Low Production CostsMost NOAC devices are intended to be manufacturable with the same kind of silicon-based technology and fabrication processes already used to make integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). That should result in devices that are both inexpensive and rugged, with dimensions that are easily incorporated into new or existing equipment.At present, the evolving program is planned to include robust projects across the NIST laboratories in multiple technology areas. Click on each link for detailed information; we will be adding more links soon.
